VIROLOGY Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
site of latency of HSV-2
A
lumbosacral ganglia
2
Q
all viruses are haploid except
A
retroviruses
3
Q
o the antigen of the core of the virus (HBsAg removed)
o antibodies are not protective but yield information about the state of infection
o positive antibodies seen during the “window period” (a period of active infection)
A
HBcAg
4
Q
interacts with the CD4 receptor in HIV
A
gp120
5
Q
hepatocellular injury due to immune attack - NO cytopathic effect (host CD8+ T cells destroy infected hepatocytes)
A
HEPATITIS B VIRUS
6
Q
MUMPS complications
A
Parotitis, Orchitis, Meningitis (aseptic)
7
Q
most common cause of aseptic meningitis
A
ENTEROVIRUSES (Coxsackie virus, poliovirus and echovirus)
8
Q
o painful vesicles along dermatomal distribution
o debilitating pain (postherpetic neuralgia)
A
Zoster
9
Q
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a potential complication of ___
A
Measles
10
Q
• “thread-like” viruses
• longest viruses
- outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in Zaire (1976)
- 100% mortality rate
A
EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
11
Q
aseptic meningitis POLIO
A
nonparalytic poliomyelitis
12
Q
o fever and severe pleuritic-type chest pain
o pain due to an infection of the intercostal muscles (myositis), not of the pleura
A
Pleurodynia sec to coxackie
13
Q
- only causes disease in immunocompromised hosts
- causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with AIDS
- demyelinating disease that affects oligodendrocytes characterized by deficits in speech, coordination, and memory
A
JC POLYOMA VIRUS
14
Q
ATTACHMENT PROTEIN of HIV
A
gp 120 / Surface Protein (SU)
15
Q
only DNA virus that produces DNA by reverse transcription with mRNA as the template
A
HEPADNAVIRIDAE (HEPA B)
16
Q
The most common sites of viral infection and disease is the
A
Oropharynx and respiratory tract
17
Q
ANTIGENIC SHIFTS cause
A
PANDEMICS
o major changes based on the reassortment of segments of the genome RNA
SUDDEN CHANGE in molecular structure
o EXAMPLE: when human flu A virus recombines with swine flu A virus
18
Q
o a soluble component of the viral core
o presence connotes high infectivity
A
HBeAg
19
Q
- Called “orphans” because they were not initially associated with any disease
- Now known to cause aseptic meningitis, upper respiratory tract infection, febrile illness with and without rash, infantile diarrhea, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
A
ECHOVIRUS
20
Q
-
Herpangina
- fever, sore throat, and tender vesicles in oropharynx
-
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
- vesicular rash on hands and feet and ulcerations in the mouth
- Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
A
COXSACKIE VIRUS
21
Q
MASTER THIS TABLE!!!!
A
22
Q
o presence of this antibody indicates that patient is immune and/or cured
o NO active disease present
A
Anti-HBsAg
23
Q
PARAMYXOVIRUSES
A
PaRaMyxoviruses
Parainfluenza virus
RSV
Measles virus
Mumps virus
24
Q
only virus with fibers
A
ADENOVIRUS
25
* pinkish, papular skin lesions with an **umbilicated** center
* HP: **Henderson-Paterson bodies** - intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions
* transmission: direct contact
* treatment: Cidofovir
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM VIRUS
26
presence connotes low infectivity
Anti-HBeAg
27
HHV 6
**ROSEOLA / EXANTHEM SUBITUM / SIXTH DISEASE**
28
directs **entry** of the double-stranded DNA provirus into the nucleus, and is later essential for the process of **virus assembly; Outer matrix Protein**
**MA / p17**
29
• member of flavivirus family
**• most common cause of epidemic encephalitis**
* most prevalent in SEA
* transmitted by **Culex** mosquitoes
**• thalamic infarcts on CT scan**
JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS
30
* preferentially infects and kills **helper (CD4+) T lymphocytes**
* l**oss of cell-mediated immunity**
* **high probability of opportunistic infections**
* main immune response consists of **cytotoxic (CD8+) lymphocytes**
HIV
31
infected cells appear normal, but are producing large numbers of progeny viruses
Commensal Symbiosis
32
infect squamous cells and induce formation of cytoplasmic vacuole (**koilocytes**)
HPV
33
causes major outbreaks of influenza
\*Does not lead to pandemic
Influenza B
34
**o most common cause of MYOCARDITIS AND PERICARDITIS**
**o fever, chest pain, and signs of congestive failure.**
COXSACKIE VIRUS
35
HP: **Negri body**
RABIES
36
Type-specific envelope glycoproteins in HIV
**gp120 and gp41**
37
all enveloped viruses acquire their envelope from **plasma membrane** EXCEPT
herpes virus (from nuclear membrane)
38
ALL RNA viruses have SINGLE-STRANDED RNA except
REO AND ROTAVIRUS (dsRNA)
39
describes a collection of inflammatory disorders associated with paradoxical worsening of preexisting infectious processes (HBV, HCV, MAC, MAI, etc.) following the initiation HAART in HIV-infected individuals
**Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)**
40
In Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), the virus binds to which receptor?
ACE-2 receptor
41
The only positive among vaccinated patients
Anti-HBs
42
old infection is present
IgG anti-HBcAg
43
most common clinical form of POLIO; mild, febrile illness with headache, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting.
abortive poliomyelitis
44
Coreceptors of HIV where gp 120 binds on the surface of the cells. Binding to these coreceptors are impt for HIV to infect normal cells.
CXCR 4 - located on T-cells
CCR 5 - T cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells
45
o Induce **humoral and cell-mediated immunit**y but may revert to virulence on rare occasions
o Dangerous to give to immunocompromised patients or their close contacts
Live-Attenuated Vaccines
46
steeple sign on x-ray
**LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS (CROUP)** secondary to PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1 AND 2
47
PICORNAVIRIDAE
**PERCHed on a PIC (peak).**
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Rhinovirus
Coxsackievirus
Hepatis A virus
PICornaviridae
48
Most DNA viruses have BOTH a negative strand and a positive strand except
**PARVOVIRUSES**, which have single-stranded DNA genome
49
FUSION PROTEIN of HIV
**gp41 / Transmembrane Protein (TM)**
50
o genital warts (condyloma acuminata)
o respiratory tract papilloma
o most common viral STD
**• HPV-6 and 11**
51
pathognomonic **Koplik spots** - bright red lesions with a white, central dot on buccal mucosa
**MEASLES**
52
most common cause of childhood diarrhea
ROTAVIRUS
53
DOC for Influenza
**Oseltamivir or Zanamivir**
• Amantadine or rimantadine for influenza A only
54
* no chronic carrier state
* no cirrhosis
* no hepatocellular carcinoma
* high mortality in **pregnant women**
HEPATITIS E
55
* retrovirus causing **adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV associated myelopathy**
* HP: malignant T cells with **flower-shaped nucleus**
**HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS (HTLV)**
56
DOC for HSV
**Acyclovir**
## Footnote
**o shortens the duration of the lesions**
**o reduces the extent of shedding of the virus**
**o no effect on the latent state**
57
MCC of COMMON COLDS
RHINOVIRUS
## Footnote
* Replicate better at **33°C than at 37°C** → they affect primarily the nose and conjunctiva rather than the lower respiratory tract.
* **Acid-labile** → killed by gastric acid when swallowed → they do not infect the gastrointestinal tract, unlike the enteroviruses.
58
* genital herpes
* painful anogenital vesicles
* neonatal herpes
* contact within birth canal
* aseptic meningitis
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
59
bind cytokines and block their ability to interact with their intended targets
cytokine decoys
60
Influenza that causes worldwide epidemics (pandemics)
Influenza A
\*Each year, influenza is the most common cause of respiratory tract infections.
61
Examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines
§ MMR (the only live-attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV-positive patients who do not show signs of immunodeficiency)
§ Influenza (intranasal)
§ Smallpox
§ Sabin’s polio vaccine
§ Chicken pox
§ Rotavirus
§ Yellow fever
62
Treatment for HBV
interferon-a and lamivudine
63
* **immediate early proteins**
* translated from premade mRNAs
* impair assembly of the MHC class I–viral peptide complexes
* HP: giant cells with **owl's-eye nuclear inclusions**
CMV
64
All double-stranded DNA have **icosahedral** symmetry except
**POXVIRUS** in which DNA has complex structural proteins looking much like a box.
65
one virus produces a protein that can be used by another virus
complementation
66
**• Bullet-shaped** enveloped virus with a helical nucleocapsid and one piece of single-stranded, negative-polarity RNA
• multiplies locally at bite site, infects sensory neurons, and **moves by axonal transport to CNS**
RABIES VIRUS
67
carcinoma of cervix, penis, and anus
HPV-16, 18, 31, 33
68
Kaposi sarcoma must be differentiated from _________ because of their similarities in terms of clinical presentation
bacillary angiomatosis (sec to Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana)
69
o oncogenicity associated with expression of latency-associated membrane protein 1 (LMP-1)
o **Burkitt lymphoma:** in African people
o B-cell lymphomas
o **nasopharyngeal carcinoma:** in Chinese people
o hairy leukoplakia in AIDS patients
EBV
70
True or False.
enveloped viruses are less stable and more easily inactivated.
TRUE
71
attachment of RBCs to surface of infected cells
Hemadsorption
72
Surface spikes are **fusion proteins**, not hemagglutinins or neuraminidases .
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
73
**MEMORIIIIZZZZEEEEE!!!!**
74
German Measles
**RUBELLA VIRUS (TOGAVIRIDAE)**
## Footnote
o incubation period 14–21 days
o prodrome followed by 3-day **posterior auricular LAD**
o face - trunk - arms/legs
o immune-complex **polyarthritis** in adults
75
Cowdry type B intranuclear inclusions
POLIOVIRUS
76
Naked DNA Virus
**Papillomavirus**
**Adenovirus**
**Parvovirus**
**Polyomavirus**
77
Examples of Killed Vaccines
\* Induce only humoral immunity but are stable
(RIP Always; SalK=Killed)
§ Rabies
§ Influenza (injected)
§ Salk’s polio vaccine
§ Hepatitis A
78
* Nonenveloped virus with icosahedral nucleocapsid and one piece of single-stranded, positive-polarity RNA
* Oral-fecal transmission
**• most common cause of nonbacterial diarrhea in adults**
• sudden onset of vomiting and diarrhea accompanied by fever and abdominal cramping
VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS secondary to NORWALK VIRUS (NOROVIRUS)
79
oncogenic viruses induce transformation and unrestrained growth
Malignant transformation
80
* **Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)**
* bright red cheek rash (**slapped cheeks)** with fever, coryza, and sore throat
* **Aplastic crisis**
* interferes with erythroid progenitor cells
* transient but severe aplastic anemia in children sickle cell anemia, thalassemia or spherocytosis
* **Fetal Infections**
* 1 st trimester: fetal death
* 2 nd trimester: **hydrops fetalis**
* **Arthritis**
* immune-complex arthritis of small joints
* **Chronic B19 Infection**
* **pancytopenia** in immunodeficient patients
PARVOVIRUS B19
81
replicates in moto**r neurons in anterior horn** of spinal cord, causing paralysis
**POLIOMYELITIS**
82
o new infection is present
o **most specific marker for diagnosis of acute HBV infection** because it persists during **the window period**
IgM anti-HBcAg
83
**DNA VIRUSES**
**DNA Viruses are HHAPPPPy viruses.**
Hepadna
Herpes
Adeno
Pox
Parvo
Polyoma
Papilloma
84
type of POLIO: flaccid paralysis; permanent motor nerve damage
paralytic poliomyelitis
85
principal marker of risk for developing chronic liver disease and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) later in life.
Persistence of HBsAg
86
ALL DNA viruses replicate in the **NUCLEUS** except
Poxvirus
87
E7 gene in HPV inhibits
**Rb**
88
have a bullet-shaped capsid
rhabdoviruses
89
90
Hepatitis that cause enteric infections
Hepatitis A and E
91
genomic reassortment causes
epidemics
92
o “kissing disease”
o fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly
o **splenic rupture** is a rare complication
§ rapid increase in size produces a tense, fragile splenic
capsule
Infectious Mononucleosis secondary to EBV
93
HP: multinucleated giant cells (Warthin-Finkeldey bodies)
MEASLES
94
CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME
**5 Bs of Congenital Rubella Syndrome**
* **Bulag (cataracts)**
* **Bingi (sensorineural deafness)**
* **Bobo (mental retardation)**
* **Butas ng puso (PDA)**
* **Blueberry muffin baby**
95
Which is the first vaccine known to prevent a human cancer?
HBV
96
ANTIGENIC DRIFTS cause
EPIDEMICS
o minor changes based on mutations in the genome RNA
97
GENOME: Regulatory Genes in HIV
98
GENOME: Structural Genes
99
**Nagayama spots**: erythematous papules on soft palate and base of the uvula
**ROSEOLA / EXANTHEM SUBITUM / SIXTH DISEASE**
100
Major antigens of INFLUENZA
hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N)
## Footnote
**HEMAGGLUTININ**
* Binds to the cell surface receptor (neuraminic acid, sialic acid) to initiate infection of the cell
* The target of neutralizing antibody
**NEURAMINIDASE**
* Cleaves neuraminic acid (sialic acid) to release progeny virus from the infected cell
* Also degrades the protective layer of mucus in the respiratory tract → enhances access to the respiratory epithelial cells.
101
associated with autoimmune vasculitides (**polyarteritis nodosa**)
HBV
102
All DNA viruses are icosahedral except
Poxvirus (helical)
103
**MEMORRRRIIIIZZZEEEE!!**
**RNA VIRUSES**
104
Distinguished from all other RNA viruses by the presence of an unusual enzyme, **reverse transcriptase** → which converts a single-stranded RNA viral genome into double-stranded viral DNA.
RETROVIRIDAE
105
**AIDS-DEFINING ILLNESSES and CD4 LEVELS**
**MEMORIIIIIZEEE!!!**
106
o gingivostomatitis
o herpes labialis (lips)
o keratoconjunctivitis
o temporal lobe encephalitis
o herpetic whitlow (fingers)
o herpes gladiatorum (trunk)
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
107
* URT: pharyngitis, **conjunctivitis**, coryza
* LRT: bronchitis, atypical pneumonia
* GIT: acute gastroenteritis
* GUT: **hemorrhagic cystitis**
* histopathology
o Cowdry type B intranuclear inclusions
ADENOVIRUS
108
HHV-4
EBV
109
• visual or functional change in infected cells
Cytopathic effect
110
**NEGATIVE-STRAND RNA VIRUSES**
## Footnote
o When negative-stranded RNA viruses enter the cell, they are not able to begin translation immediately
o Must transcribe negative strand to positive (–) → (+)
o Virion brings its own RNA-dependent polymerase, which will carry out the transcription of the negative-strand into positive.
**"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication."**
Arenaviruses
Bunyaviruses
Paramyxoviruses
Orthomyxoviruses
Filoviruses
Rhabdoviruses
111
The only DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm
Poxvirus
112
viruses with SEGMENTED GENOME
**B–O–A–R**
Bunyaviruses
Orthomyxoviruses (influenza)
Arenaviruses
Reoviruses
113
most immunogenic region of gp120
V3 loop
114
**E6** gene in HPV inhibits
**p53**
115
Envelope Spikes of Paramyxoviruses
116
finding antibody in one who previously had none
Seroconversion
117
can be used to diagnose **current** infection
Presence of IgM
118
* infects mainly lymphoid cells, **primarily B lymphocytes**
* elicits **EBV-specific antibodies and** nonspecific **heterophil antibodies**
EBV
119
120
main cause of **essential mixed cryoglobulinemia**
**HEPATITIS C VIRUS**
121
* Enveloped virus with icosahedral nucleocapsid and linear dsDNA
* cultured in **shell tubes**
**• negative heterophil test**
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
122
ALL DNA viruses have **LINEAR** DNA **except**
**CIRCULAR**
* Papilloma
* Polyoma
* Hepadna
123
* only disease that has been eradicated from the face of the Earth
* **largest viruses**
* brick-shaped poxvirus containing linear dsDNA
* HP: **Guarnieri bodies** - intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions
* transmission: aerosol or contact
* incubation period of 7–14 days
* prodrome of fever and malaise followed by centrifugal rash
SMALLPOX (VARIOLA VIRUS)
124
Receptors used by viruses
125
NAKED VIRUSES
**NAKED CPR and PAPP smear**
* **Calicivirus**
* **Picornavirus**
* **Reovirus**
* **Parvovirus**
* **Adenovirus**
* **Papillomavirus**
* **Polyomavirus**
126
HIV protein that mediates the **fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane** at the time of infection.
**gp41**
127
VIRAL LIFE CYCLE AND PHARMACOTHERAPY
128
o having this antigen means the patient has the disease (chronic, acute, or asymptomatic carrier)
o precedes onset of symptoms and elevation of liver enzymes
HBsAg
129
most prevalent blood-borne pathogen
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
130
reduce the expression of antigen presenting cells and inactivate complement
virokines
131
Naked RNA Virus
Calicivirus
Picornavirus
Reovirus
Hepevirus
132
cannot be used to diagnose current infection; antibody may be due to an infection in the **past**
Presence of IgG
133
Most RNA viruses have helical symmetry except:
**icosahedral symmetry**
§ Flaviviruses
§ Caliciviruses
§ Reoviruses
§ Picornavirus
§ Togaviruses
§ Hepevirus
134
What can differentiate chronic active infection from chronic carrier in HBV
HBeAg
135
The interstitial space between the nucleocapsid and the envelope is called the
Tegument/Matrix
136
most common cause of congenital abnormalities
Congenital CMV infection
* microcephaly, seizures, deafness, jaundice, and purpura
* most common when mother infected in 1 st trimester
137
large, pink to purple intranuclear inclusions (Cowdry type A)
HSV
138
Influenza B virus is only a human virus. True or false.
TRUE
139
HUMAN HERPESVIRUS – 8
* **Kaposi sarcoma (KS)** is a rare type of cancer that can affect both the skin and internal organs
* M.ost common symptoms: red or purple patches on the skin.
140
complications of VZV
§ pneumonia
§ encephalitis
**§ Reye syndrome**
141
Cone-shaped, icosahedral core containing the **major capsid protein**
**p24 / CA**
142
* only causes disease in immunocompromised hosts
* causes **hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy** in patients with solid organ (kidney) and bone marrow transplants
**BK POLYOMA VIRUS**
143
**ROSEOLA / EXANTHEM SUBITUM / SIXTH DISEASE**
HHV-6
## Footnote
\*rose-colored macules appear on body after several days of high fever; can present with febrile seizures; usually affects infants
144
two different viruses infect the same cell
phenotypic mixing
145
POLIO VACCINES
o killed (Salk IPV)
o live, attenuated (Sabin OPV)
146
site of latency of HSV-1:
trigeminal ganglia
147
ALL RNA viruses replicate in the CYTOPLASM except
INFLUENZA AND RETROVIRUS
148
DOC for CMV
Ganciclovir
149
the most important test in Hepa A virus
anti-HAV IgM
150
FIFTH DISEASE
PARVOVIRUS B19
151
**highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen**
3 drugs to prevent resistance: **2 NRTIs** (zidovudine and lamivudine) and **protease inhibitor** (indinavir)
152
involvement of geniculate ganglion causes facial nerve paralysis
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome secondary to VZV
153
CARDINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MEASLES
**3 Cs: Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Koplik spots**
154
vesicular centrifugal rash : “dewdrop on a rose petal” appearance
VZV
