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Virology Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the characteristics used to describe viruses

A

small, 20-300 nm, filterable
simple
obligate intracellular parasites
infectious
include important pathogens

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2
Q

what are some important milestones in veterinary virology

A

smallpox vx
transmission & vx rabies
filterability of foot/mouth dx
isolated swine flu influenza virus
electron microscopy of virus/TMV
cell culture system & poliovirus
ectromelia pathogenesis
rinderpest vx & eradication
co-evolution of virus & host
first recombinant DNA virus
identification of avian bornavirus by gene microarray method
identification of Theiler’s dx associated virus by mass sequencing method

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3
Q

3 types of virsuses

A

iscosahedral
helical
complex structure

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4
Q

enveloped viruses

A

lipoprotein outercoving of virions of some viruses, derived from cell membranes

easier to eliminate

DNA and RNA genomes

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5
Q

non-enveloped viruses

A

no lipoprotein outer covering

harder to eliminate/resistant

DNA and RNA genomes

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6
Q

helical viruses

A

enveloped RNA genome (e.g. Rhabdoviridae aka rabies)

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7
Q

define virion

A

complete virus particle

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8
Q

define capsid

A

protein shell that surrounds viral nucleic acid, protects viral genome from destructive agents, introduction of viral genome into host cells

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9
Q

define nucleocapsid

A

capsid + nucleic acid

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10
Q

define capsomers

A

cluster of proteins on capsid that make up one morphologic unit seen by e- microscopy

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11
Q

list the steps of viral replication

A
  1. attachment
  2. penetration & uncoating
  3. transcription
  4. translation
  5. replication
  6. assembly of virions & release
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12
Q

what protein is important for the attachment step of a virus to cell receptor

A

viral attachment protein (VAP)

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13
Q

describe DNA viruses

A

dsDNA or ssDNA with linear or circular DNA
low mutation rates
DNA polymerase
more durable
degraded by DNAases & heat
DNA viral inclusions are present in nucleus

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14
Q

describe RNA viruses

A

dsRNA or +, -, or ambisense (both +,-) ssRNA
higher mutation rates
degraded by RNAases, heat, formaldehyde, UV light
RNA viral inclusions present in cytoplasm

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15
Q

virus’s routes of transmission

A

skin, conjunctiva, oral cavity, respiratory tract, GI tract, urogenital tract

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16
Q

virus’s mechanisms of spread

A

viruses restricted to epithelia
subepithelial invasion, lymphatic spread
viremia
infection of other organs

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17
Q

virus’s mechanisms of spread

A

viruses restricted to epithelia
subepithelial invasion, lymphatic spread
viremia
infection of other organs

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18
Q

what factors restrict viruses to epithelia

A

specific cell receptors
temperature aspects of replications
topography of viral budding
polarization of epithelial cells
virus dependence on host cell machinery
topography of virus maturation
protected from specific host defenses

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19
Q

what organs are more commonly affected by secondary viremia

A

nasal/oral mucous membranes
brain
skin
lungs
kidney

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20
Q

what organs are more commonly affected by primary viremia

A

liver and spleen

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21
Q

define a cell-free virus

A

virus doesn’t utilize immune cells

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22
Q

define a cell-associated virus

A

virus utilizes macrophages, lymphocytes, platelets, RBC to evade immune response and infect host

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23
Q

innate immunity for viruses
-anatomic
-physiologic
-cells
-mechanisms

A

anatomic: skin, mucosa, ciliary apparatus
physiologic: lysozymes, gastric acid, bile, digestive enzymes
cells: dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells
mechansims: interferons, cytokines, complement

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24
Q

type I IFN-alpha

A

leukocytes
antiviral

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25
type I IFN-beta
fibroblasts epithelium antiviral
26
type II IFN - gamma
T cells, NK cells immunoregulatory
27
what do IFN cause
flu-like symptoms - fever, chills, nausea, malaise
28
four classic signs of inflammation
redness, pain, heat, swelling
29
acquired immunity
neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes T cells, B cells, NK cells Antibodies (IgG, M, A) passive transfer
30
antibody functions
neutralization opsonization antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity complement activation
31
MHC I
CD8+ (CTL) endogenous
32
MHC II
CD4+ (T helper and suppressor/reg) exogenous
33
what do viral infections and modified live vaccines stimulate?
B cells (antibodies) CTL's
34
what do inactivated/killed viral vaccines and subunit vx stimulate?
B cell & T helper cell activity (cytokines)
35
what can be measured by serological testing?
parenteral inoculation (IV,IM,SQ) with viral vaccines due to systemic immunity e.g. parvovirus
36
how are viruses shed
respiratory and oropharyngeal secretions feces urine skin milk blood genital secretions
37
type I hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis IgE
38
type II hypersensitivity
cytotoxic IgM/IgG
39
type III hypersensitivity
immune complex IgG
40
type IV hypersensitivity
cell-mediated, delayed hypersensitivity CTLs
41
autoimmunity
immune response directed against normal host components primarily cell-mediated or humoral vx-induced suspected cases broad & directed against many organs or can be organ/antigen specific
42
how do viruses induce autoimmune dx
exposure of hidden antigens molecular mimicry failure of regulatory control of immune response
43
virus's mechanisms of spread
viruses restricted to epithelia subepithelial invasion, lymphatic spread viremia infection of other organs
44
how does a virus spread from blood --> tissues
fenestrated/inflamed capillaries transcytosis by endothelial cells replication in endothelial cells trafficking of infected lymphocytes & monocytes
45
how do viruses invade the respiratory tract
aerosolized virus or self-inoculation of mucous membranes replication in resp epithelium level of tract dependent on size, temp, immunity
46
how do viruses invade intestinal tract
ingestion or viremia replicated in intestinal epithelium
47
how do viruses invade the CNS
replication in blood vessels of meninges, choroid plexus, brain, spinal cord transported across blood vessels via infected leukocytes by CSF or neurons
48
what happens if viruses invade the fetus
fetal death, abortion, stillbirth congenital defects immunotolerant carrier state inapparent carrier state
49
what other organs can viruses invade
liver, testis, pancreas, synovial cells
50
what are dead-end organisms provide an example
organs that cannot shed a virus e.g. brain
51
what are the two components of viral dx
1. effects of viral replication on host 2. effects of host response on virus & host
52
describe why vaccines are used
1. stimulate a protective immune response (immunological memory) 2. establish herd immunity
53
Modified Live Vx Pros
Pros - best immune response, esp. cell-mediated -few inoculations -stimulates mucosal immunity IgA -no adjuvants -decreases change of hypersensitivity rxn -induce IFN -inexpensive
54
Modified Live Vx Cons
-risk of reversion to virulence -cold storage -inactivated by UV, heat, disinfectants -contaminants -cannot give to pregnant animals -immune enhancement
55
Inactivated Vx Pros
stable in storage unlikely to cause disease unlikely to contain viable, contaminating organisms cost effective
56
Inactivated Vx Cons
multiple doses poor CMI response large amounts of Ag problems with disease if there is failure to completely inactivate virus exacerbated diseases adjuvants vx induced tumors or grandulomas immune disorders
57
subunit vs pros/cons
PROS -specific & safe CONS -similar to inactivated vx
58
mRNA vx pros/cons
pros -advanced technology cons -newer
59
dna vx pros/cons
PROS -easy to administer -expression of genes for 60 days - pure, stable -low cost -no interference by maternal Ab CONS -insertional mutagenesis & oncogenesis
60
synthetic peptide vx pros/cons
pros -safe, non-toxic, stable cons -expensive -poorly immunogenic
61
virus vector vx pros/cons
pros -safe -easy to administer -reduced replication due to gene introduction cons -possible disease due to vector itself -reduced replication of the vector in unnatural host
62
successful use of vaccines
lack of reservoir long duration of immunity lack of antigenic variation safe efficacious vx ease of administration acceptability to client cost-effective appropriate storage and administer of vx
63
vaccine failures
animal already infected wrong virus used non-protective antigens used animal doesn't respond to vx incorrect administration adverse rxns
64
sensitivity equation
a/a+c = true +/total diseased positive, possess disease
65
specificity equation
d/b+d= total -/total non-diseased negative, non-diseased
66
inherent variability
variation can be caused by variation in animal subjects & reading of results by those reading them
67
virus isolation (VI)
identification of unknown agents, detects live virus (antigen)
68
direct fluorescent antibody (FA)
fluorescent Ab detects antigen
69
indirect FA
detects antigen using 2 Ab
70
hemagglutination Inhibition (HI)
detects parvo & influenza - two important viruses that agglutinate RBC Ab present "button" (HI) Ab not present "lattice" (HA)
71
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
detects viral nucleic acids
72
agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
detects antibody
73
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) SEROLOGY
detects antibody
74
titers
2-fold serial dilution of serum detects antibody
75
positive predictive value equation
a/a+b
76
negative predictive vale equation
d/c+d
77
prevalence _____ PPV and _____ NPV
increases PPV decreases NPV
78
components of validity
sensitivity specificity PPV NPV
79
screening test significance
sensitivity fast, cheap
80
diagnostic test significance
specificity confirm clinically diseased animals
81
qualities of a test 1. 2.
1. precision 2. validity
82
best scenario test results
valid but not precise valid and precise
83
increasing sensitivity increases the likilhood of _________
false positives
84
increasing specificity increases the likilhood of _________
false negatives
85
components of virsuses
proteins & glycoproteins nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) lipids - envelope
86
difference between structural proteins & non-structural proteins
structural: make up virion, protect genome, VAP for tropism, Ag that induce neutralizing Ab, CTL and Th cells, enzymes/regulatory proteins non-structural: encoded by viral genome and expressed in infected cells, not part of virion, replication functions, host-interaction functions
87
viral genome types
monopartite multiparttite/segmented (can do reassortment) diploid

Virology (16 decks)

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