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Virology Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

When Coronaviruses undergo rapid mutation how do they exist the cell

A

Quasispecies

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2
Q

Since Coronaviruses survive well in the environment at cool temperatures for weeks to months what type of transmission is important

A

Fomite Transmission

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3
Q

T or F Coronaviruses are acid stable and able to survive the gastric pH

A

TRUE

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4
Q

T or F Coronaviruses can withstand most disinfectants

A

FALSE - they are inactiviated

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5
Q

Coronaviruses have tissue tropism for what 2 tissues

A

Respiratory Epithelium

Enteric/Gastric Epithelium

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6
Q

The ability to infect different cell types and not be exclusively host-specific is known as what

A

tropism switching

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7
Q

What are the 5 most common veterinary Coronaviruses

A 
FIVP - Feline Infectious Peritonitis
TGE - Transmissible Gastro Enteritis
Novel Swine Enteric Coronavirus
CCV - Canine Coronavirus - scours in dogs
Bovine Coronavirus - scours in calves
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8
Q

What cells in the GI tract are effected by coronaviruses

A

Mature enterocytes in both the SI and the Proximal Intestine

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9
Q

What are the implications of antigenic drift of coronaviruses

A

Hard to develop Vaccines

Easy to have susceptible animals in population

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10
Q

Why does antigenic drift make it hard to develop vaccines

A

different isolates of field virus circulating

New pathogenic variants are arising all the time

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11
Q

Coronaviruses kill mature enterocytes on tips & sides of villi so the major lesion seen is

A

Villus Atrophy

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12
Q

What common disease is seen with Coronaviruses

A

malabsorption - scours

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13
Q

T or F Direct contact is required for Coronaviruses

A

FALSE - millions of virons are shed into environment in scours

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14
Q

What are the 4 swine Coronaviruses

A

Transmissible Gasterenteritis (TGE)
Hemagluttinating Encephalomyelitis (HEV)
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV)
Novel Swine Enteric Coronavirus (SECD)

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15
Q

What TGE virus protein binds to sialic acid receptor on upper respiratory and intestional epithelial cells

A

S - Spike Protein

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16
Q

Where does TGE viral replication occur

A

respiratory and enteric epithelium

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17
Q

the clinical effects of TGE are seen as a result to viral replication in what tissue

A

Small intestine epithelium

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18
Q

What is the results of viral replication of TGE in SI

A

villi slough
viral shed in feces
malabsorption and scours in piglets

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19
Q

Where is the TGE virus secreted in sow pigs

A

milk from mammary gland

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20
Q

TGE is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in piglets of what age

A

10-14 days

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21
Q

T or F Piglets over 5 weeks of age will expirence severe clinical signs of TGE

A

FALSE - mild clinical disease

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22
Q

TGE is a highly contagious disease that is transmitted by:

A

Oral

Inhalation

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23
Q

What is the epidemic form of TGE

A

when virus is first introduced to a navie herd usually winter

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24
Q

what is the endemic form of TGE

A

virus persists in partially-immune herd
large breeding herds
herds where finishing pigs are kept
herds that introduce new pigs

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25
T or F Endemic TGE follows Epidemics of TGE
TRUE
26
What is the usual herd history for Epidemic TGE
1st introduction to navie herd Explosive scours, vomit, dehydration, death in piglets under 10 days old (100% morbidity) some adult scours but no death
27
How long do TGE epidemics usually last
3-5 weeks until herd immunity develops
28
What is the usual herd history in TGE endemics
Partially immune herd scours in piglets 2-3 weeks age outbreak at weaning bc lost IgA
29
What is diagnosis when Litters of piglets form new introduced sows have vomiting, scours, and high mortality
Endemic TGE
30
What is the major reservoir of TGE infections
weanling piglets - excrete in feces up to 100 days
31
What does an outbreak of clinical TGE usually follow
introduction of pigs into a herd | carrier pigs is source of infection
32
What are 2 management practices that lead to increased risk for TGE
continuous flow system of production | inadequate bio security practices
33
T or F Fomite transmission is important in TGE
TRUE - vehicles, boots, equipment
34
Who are the mechanical vectors for TGE
birds | insects - flies
35
What are the lesions of TGE (Small Intestine)
watery, yellow/green scours with milk clots thin, translucent intestinal wall NO chyle stomach filled with gas
36
histopathic change with TGE
villus atrophy
37
The secretions of GIT affected what what part of the GI tract in TGE
jejunum | Ileum
38
WHat is lactogenic immunity for TGE
sows milk with have IgA in it which provides protection for intestinal epithelial cells
39
How does the sows GALT system work with TGE
``` oral exposure to TGE IgA precursor cell in intestine synthesized migrate to mammary become Aby - secreting plasma cells Secret IgA into the milk ```
40
T or F sows will secrete IgA for TGE from vaccination
FALSE - TGE exposure must be oral route
41
T or F Pregnant sows who become infected with TGE will become immune
True - they do NOT shed but have protective IgA in their milk
42
T or F Vaccinating sows with a TGE vaccine provides piglets better immunity than natural infection
FALSE - feedback methods or natural exposure provides much better piglet protection
43
What is the connection between TGE and PRCV
PRCV is a deletion mutant of TGE so it can't effect an enterocyte only respiratory cells
44
What provides cross-protection immunity for TGE
PRCV | Immunize with PRCV 1st to prime immune system then follow with TGE - minimal environmental contamination
45
What are the economic losses with TGE
``` dead pigs downtime increased labor cost disturbance in breeding reduced growth rate curtailed performance in older piglets ```
46
TGE control methods
depopulation and replacement | Controlled, natural immunization, All in/out
47
what is a controlled natural immunization with TGE
partial depop - move piglets to finishing plan exposure - confirm Dx, Feedback frozen dead piglet intestine for 3 days Good biosecurity All in/out system
48
How is TGE diagnosed
epidemiology and clinical signs | muscoal scraping
49
What test can distinguish TGE from PRCV
RT-PCR | competitive ELSIA
50
What test is used to measure level of TGE in a herd
ELSIA serologic test
51
What test do MU offer for TGE
PCR | serum neutralization
52
What are the 2 viruses cause swine enteric coronavirus diseases
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus | Porcine Delta Coronavirus
53
T or F PEDV is report-able in the US
TRUE
54
When did PEDV enter the US
2013 - from china
55
When did Procine delta coronavirus enter the US
2014 - from china
56
Clinical signs of PEDV and PDCoV
vomiting & scours high morbidity & mortality in suckling piglets endemic and epidemic forms of PEDV
57
What is the control mechanism for PEDV
Feedback procedures to sows | conditional vaccine in 2014
58
What are PEDV lesions
SI - thin, dilated with fluid villus atrophy multi-nucleated syncytial epithelial cells
59
What is the vomiting and wasting diseases in piglets
Hemagluttinaning Encephalomyelitis Virus
60
Clinical signs of Hemagluttinaning Encephalomyelitis Virus
``` vomiting anorexia thirst CONSTIPATION dehydration emaciation ```
61
What age of pigs does Hemagluttinaning Encephalomyelitis Virus effect
suckling piglets up to 6 weeks of age
62
What clinical signs of HEV are seen in suckling piglets 4-7 days old
encephalitis weakness tremors convulsions
63
T or F Hemagluttinaning Encephalomyelitis Virus is inapperant in adults
TRUE
64
Piglets that survive the acute phase of Hemagluttinaning Encephalomyelitis Virus can develop a chronic syndrome of
vomiting wasting syndrome stunting
65
T or F Hemagluttinaning Encephalomyelitis Virus is seen clinically very often
FALSE - seen in serology often but rarely seen clinically usually as an outbreak
66
How is Hemagluttinaning Encephalomyelitis Virus transmitted
Oral | Respiratory
67
What is the pathogensis of HEV
Ingestion of HEV replication in nasal epi, tonsil, lung, SI spread to peripheral nerves to CNS infection of autonomic gangalia
68
What is responsible for vomiting and constipation in HEV
viral replication in autonomic ganglia
69
How is HEV diagnosed
virus isolation in tissure culture IFA on tissue secretions serologic tests include serum Nuet and HI
70
What lesions are seen with HEV
no specific lesions | non-suppurative encephalomyelitits in pigs if they have clinical neuro signs
71
What is the treatment for HEV
no treatment no effective vaccine feedback exposure to the sow
72
What is family and genus Infectious Bursal Disease
Birnaviridae Genus - avibirnavirus 2 segmented non-env RNA virus
73
what serotype of Infectious Bursal Disease is pathogenic to chickens
Serotype 1 | subgroup 1 - very virulent
74
Where does Infectious Bursal Disease replicate
dividing pre-B lymphocytes in the Bursa of Fabricius in chickens
75
Birds that have a sub-clincal infection of Bursal Disease have acquired what
permanent acquired B-Lymphocyte deficiency
76
WHat is the most common form of infectious Bursal disease
subclinical | chicks less than 3 weeks age don't appear sick but they have permanent immune suppression (non functional B-lymphocyte)
77
Clinical infectious bursal disease (ruffled feathers, scours, depression) is seen ___
in chicks 3-6 weeks of age Morbidity near 100% Mortality near 50%
78
How is infectious bursal disease virus excreted
in feces usually scours
79
How is infectious bursal disease transmitted
direct | fecal oral
80
Lesions of Infectious bursal disease
Bursa - large, edematous, hyperemic Lymphoid follicles are necrotic swelling with edema then necrosis
81
what is the life long consequence of infectious bursal disease
life-long immune supression | absence of B-cells - more disease susceptible
82
how is infectious bursal disease controlled
vaccination programs to protect chick oral MLV or inactivated biosecurity
83
What type of virus is Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
calicivirus non-eneveloped RNA cup-shaped depression "Calici or cup"
84
IS Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus resistant to heat and detergents
YES but destroyed by acids
85
T or F Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus can be transmitted on Fomites
True
86
T or F Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus affects both wild and european rabbits
FALSE - only european rabbits | NOT wild rabbits
87
What is the signs of peracute Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
found dead blood oozing from respiratory orifices
88
What are clinical signs reported with Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
lethary high fever CNS signs
89
what are the gross lesions of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
pulmonary hemorrhages deep vein thromboses DIC
90
What is the primary lesion in Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
Fulminant hepatic necrosis | bleeding from body orphesis
91
T or F Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus is reportable
TRUE
92
how is Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus diagnosed
RT-PCR
93
What is prevention of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
eradicaiton in the USA | Recombination vaccine in Europe
94
What are the 2 antigenically distinct paroviruses in dogs
CPV - 2 | CPV -1 minute virus - not pathogenic really
95
Which parvo strain has been associated with canine abortions
CPV-1
96
What does CPV-2 cause in young dogs
hemorrhagic enteritis | viral diarrhea
97
What are variants of CPV-2
2 2a 2b -outbreaks in Us 2c - US 2006 MOST COMMON
98
Where did CPV-2 arise from
mutation in the feline panleukopenia virus that jumped species
99
T or F all canidae are susceptible to CPV-2
TRUE - dogs, foxes, wild dogs, coyotes, wolves
100
T or F some strains of CPV can infect domestic cats
TRUE - similar to panleuk
101
What is cross protection for CPV
feline panleuk vaccine
102
CPV routes of transmission
contact with feces | fomites
103
How long is CPV stable in environment
up to 5 months
104
T or F CPV is resistant to most disinfectants
TRUE
105
What age puppies are predilection for CPV
6 weeks to 6 months
106
Parthenogenesis of Parvo
replicate in nucleus of host cell | Require host cell functions
107
What are the clinical signs of CPV in older dogs
enteritis | leukopenia - loss of lymphocytes and enterocytes which divide fast
108
What is the incubation period of CPV-2
7-14 days
109
Where does replication CPV-2 begin
lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx
110
What happens after replication of CPV-2 occurs for 1-5 days
Primary Viremia occurs virus disseminates to epi of SI, lymph, bone marrow Older dogs CPV may spread to organs
111
What is the lesion of CPV-2
necrosis of crypt epithelium | blunting of villi
112
What causing leukopenia and lymphopenia in CPV-2
virus destorys mitotically active precursor cells of circulating leukocytes and lympthoid cells
113
Where is CPV shed
in feces for 7-10 days, shedding occurs before onset of scours
114
CPV-2 is associated with 2 major clinical syndromes in dogs
Enteritis | myocarditis
115
What does CPV-2 causes in pups newborn to 2 weeks old
generalized infection
116
What is enteritis in CPV dogs
rapidly progressive GI disease fever, vomit, scours (hemorrhagic) Luekopenia Death within 2 days of onset
117
Where are CPV-2 lesions usually present
duodenum | Jejunum
118
What are enteric signs of CPV
thick discolored intestinal wall bloody liquid in lumen lymphoid necrosis in pyers pathc, mesenteric nodes thymus and spleen
119
What is seen with CPV myocarditis
young pups
120
What test is done for suspected parvo dog
ELSIA for CPV-2 antigen detected virus for 10 days gone day 5-7 of clinical illness
121
T or F dogs vaccinated for parvo will have a positive ELISA test
TRUE 5-12 days post MLV
122
T or F young puppies who recovery PCV have immunity
TRUE - IgG protects them for systemic spread of disease but IgA does not persits so they can be re-infected with mild clinical signs
123
T or F vaccination status of parvo is correlated to serum titer levels
TRUE
124
How is parvo controled
10 minutes of bleach solution
125
Can parvo be vaccianted
YES MLV or attenuated vaccines | BI, merck, merial, pfizer
126
Most common cause of vaccination failure for parvo is
interfering levels of maternal antibody to CPV-2 blocks the development of immune response in the puppy
127
What is parvo vaccination reccomendation
start at 6 weeks | redo every 3 to 4 weeks until 16 weeks
128
IS CPV zoonotic
NO
129
Where do coronaviruses replicate
cytoplasm
130
What is the incubation for coronavirus
1-4 days
131
Pathogenesis of coronavirus
CV infects mature epi cells of intestinal villus. replicates in enterocytes released by budding
132
What are clinical signs of coronavirus
suddon onset of scours in young puppies
133
WHat is recovery for coronavirus
8-10 days | mortality low without complications
134
How is coronavirus diagnosed
RT-PCR electron microscopy SN or ELISA
135
How is coronavirus prevented
inactivated and MLV
136
T or F Coronavirus is a core vaccine for dogs
FALSE - only in some kennels
137
T or F Rotavirus can be controlled with a vaccine
FALSE
138
T or F many dogs are positive for Herpes 1
TRUE but clinical Dz is rare
139
How is CHV-1 maintained in nature
latent infection in sensory gangalia
140
T or F CHV-1 are stable in environment
FALSE - they are destroyed by heat and disinfectants
141
What are the main ways of transmission for CHV-1
Oral -nasal genital - vaginal secretions in utero - possible abortion, sillbirth, infertile
142
What age puppies does CHV-1 affect
under 4 weeks of age - usually fatal
143
What is the incubation period of CHV-1
3-8 days | signs last 1-2 days
144
What clinical disease does CHV-1 cause
Genital Dz | respiratory like kennel cough
145
Pathogensis of CHV-1
replication in nasal mucosa, pharynx, tonsils viremia often fatal hypothermic
146
What is the best temperature for CHV-1 replication
33C | genital and upper respiratory tract
147
Lesions of CHV-1
multifocal necrosis hemorrhage
148
T or F intranuclear inclusions occur with CHV-1
True
149
How is CHV-1 diagnosed
gross or histopath lesions | PCR on tissue or swabs
150
T or F there is a good vaccine for CHV-1
FALSE
151
Prevention of CHV-1
Materal Ab C-section Rear pups in incubator at 35C
152
Where does Canine hepatitis CAV cause inclusion bodies
hepatocytes | endothelia cells
153
What does each strain of CAV cause
CAV-1 infectious hepatitis | CAV-2 respiratory disease
154
What type of adeno infectio happens in wild dogs
CAV-1 - subclinical
155
WHat does CAV-1 cause in dogs
``` acute fulimiant hepatitis chronic hepatitis ocular and respiratory disease encephalitis glomerulonephritis ```
156
What does CAV-1 cause in foxes
encephalitis
157
What is the epidemiology of CAV
world-wide | clinical Dz - less than 1 year
158
How is transmission of CAV
direct contact with fluids fomites Oral, nasopharyngeal, conjuctival
159
What does the CAV preferentially damage
hepatocytes | vascular endothelial cells
160
What are the primary organs for CAV
Liver and kidney
161
Where is the CAV shed
renal tubular epithelia cells are PI and shed virons for most post infection
162
WHat is the peracute stage of CAV
death in hours from massive hepatic necrosis
163
what is the acute stage of CAV
hepatic necrosis often fatal
164
What is the chronic Dz stage of CAV
chronic active hepatitis or chronic renal Dz 2nd to immune complex glomerulonephrtis
165
What is the mild Dz stage of CAV
transient corneal opacities
166
What is the inapparent stage of CAV
healthy - no signs illness
167
WHat is the ocular lesion "blue eye" from CAV
diffuse corneal edema
168
How is CAV diagnosed
virus isolation in cell culture IFA on frozen sections IHC on fixed tissue PCR
169
What is the control of CAV
CAV-1 vaccination control using CAV-2 vaccine bc CAV-1 has adverse rx
170
what type of virus is BVD
pestivirus | RNA virus
171
WHat are the 2 biotypes of BVD
cytopathic | non-cytopathic 95%
172
Which type of BVD crosses the placenta and invades the fetus to establish a PI and spread the virus
Non- cytopathic
173
Which type of BVD is associated with mucosal disease
cytopathic
174
What are genotypes of BVD
1 & 2 | both in cytopathic and non-cyto
175
What are the host for BVD
CATTLE | sheep, goats, antelope, deer, bison, camelids
176
T or F WT deer can be BVD PI carriers
TRUE
177
What is the seroprevlence of BVD in teh US
60-90%
178
WHat is the rate of PI BVD calves
2-30%
179
What age cattle is clinical Dz of BVD seen
6 months and 2 years
180
How is BVD transmitted
Direct contact Transplacental to fetus Indirect - fomites, OB sleeves, needles
181
What is the major source of BVD infection
PI viremic animals
182
T or F BVD can be transmitted by AI
TRUE
183
What are the clinical symptoms of BVD PI cattle
normal but can be poor doers
184
What 4 things determine transmission of BVD
1 - PI calves 2 - animal to animal contact 3- Virulence of the virus 4 - susceptibility of cattle
185
Explain the PI of BVD
non-cyto infection 1st 1/2 gestation (125d) viral replication and shedding occurs for life
186
WHat happens with transplacental transmission of BVD late in festation
abortion congenital malformations sero+ calves
187
Pathogenesis of BVD in non-preg immunocompetent cow
sub-clin infection elminate virus life-long immunity
188
what happens when susceptible cattle are infected with cyto BVD
outbreak of scours thrombocytopenia bloody scours immune suppression
189
WHat is the pathogensis of immunocompetent preg cattle with BVD
infertility and abortion PI calves congenital defects effective immune response and clear the virus
190
What happens with PI calves who have non-cyto that turns into cytopathic BVD
``` mucosal Dz low morbidity high mortality depressed febrile scours, oral ulcers, lameness death 5-7 days ```
191
What lesions are seen with BVD
Ulcers and erosions pm muzzle, mouth, pharynx
192
what is the histopathology of BVD
necrosis of epi cells and lymphoid tissues in GIT
193
T or F specific lesions are seen in BVD aborted fetus
FALSE
194
Why is lab diagnosis required for BVD conformation
similar to rinderpest and malignant catarrhal fever
195
BVD PI calves will be sero-positive
FALSE they are negative
196
What is the standard serologic test for BVD
Serum neutrilization with 4-fold increase
197
What is the goal of BVD contol programs
``` prevent fatal infections decrease transient infection remove PI calves vaccinate enhance bio-security ```
198
WHat is biosecurity for BVD
prevent new cattle into | quarantine and test new cattle & embroys, semen, bulls
199
T or F MLV of BVD can cross the placental and infect fetus
TRUE
200
WHat is the problem with inactivated BVD vaccines
lack of infectivity but safe for pregnant cows
201
WHen should you vaccinate cows for BVD
before breeding | duration is only 140 days
202
If calves are vaccinated for BVD before 6 months of age do they need a booster
YES
203
What does BVD in camelids look like
``` similar to cattle abortions, early preg loss stillbirth PI crias scours respiratory Dz ill thrift ```
204
What does BVd in goats look like
infection and abortion
205
what does BVD in white tail deer look like
infection | Persistent infections
206
What does BVD look like in sheep
similar to border disease reduced fertility abortion congenital defects
207
T or F BVD is zoonotic
FALSE - humans not susceptible
208
How many of the 25 serotypes of Blue tongue occur in the US
5 of them genetic drift within serotypes immunity is strain specific
209
An infectious, arthropod-borne Dz of wild and domestic ruminants
Blue Tongue
210
T or F most infections of BT are subclinical
TRUE
211
Severe BT disease is seen in domestic sheep like
pronghorn bighron white-tailed deer
212
Where is BT endemic
Southwestern US
213
Who is the host of BT
clinical Dz in sheep but all ruminants are possible
214
Who are the reservoir and amplifying host of BT
Cattle - high titer viremia
215
What is the BT mortality and morbidity in sheep
Morbidity - 50-75% Mortality 50% US mortality is 0-14%
216
How is BT transmistted
Culocodies - biting midge dam to fetus in semen iatrogenic - contaminated needles
217
What is effective at killing BT
iodophors and acid disinfectants
218
Pathogensis of BT
transmitted by Culicoides replication in lymph nodes dissemination in macrophages to vascular endo cells vascular necrosis thrombosis hemorrhage
219
What does BT inoculation occur
site of exposed skin Peracute - 7-9 days Chronic 3-5 weeks
220
Where does viral replication of BT occur
hematopoietic cell | endothelial cells
221
After BT incubates for about a week what do sheep develop
fever nasal discharge edema - face, lips, gums, dental pad tongue red vertical line coronary band - vasculitis oral ulceration swelling and cyanosis of tongue
222
WHat is the pathogensis of BT in goats
mild disease moderate fever hyperemia mucous membranes
223
What is the pathogensis of BT in cattle
inapparetnt | come clinical Dz similar to cattle
224
What serotype of BT is causing death in European cattle
8
225
How is BT diagnosised
PCR virus isolation salivary gland and blood
226
What serologic test used to determine herd infection status
AGID | ELISA - more sensitive
227
WHat is BT control methods
vector control polyvalent non-replicating vaccines to reduce cases in endemic areas annual vaccine 1 month prior to vector activity
228
What is the problem with BT MLV
genetic reassortment causing emergence of new pathogenic strain
229
How are the host of Epizootic hemorrhagic disease
White-tail deer and mule deer | cattle, deer, buffalo can show mild clinical Dz
230
What is the epidemiology of Epizootic Hemorrhagic disease
occurs 5-10 Year intervals | 2012 was huge
231
what is the mode of transmission for epizootic Hemorrhagic disease
Culocodies - biting midge
232
What age deer are susceptible to Epizootic hemorrhagic disease
any age | morbidity and mortality - HIGH
233
WHat is the pathogensis of Epizootic Dz
infects endothelia cells and signs and lesions are like BT in sheep
234
What is the peracute form of epizootic hemorrhagic disease
sever edema of the head and neck | pulmonary edema
235
If a deer lives through epizootic Dz what occurs
hemorrhages in heart, rumen, and intestine and oral ulcers
236
How is epizootic Dz diagnosed
PCR virus isolation - conformation FA - on frozen sections AGID - detect serum Ab
237
Is there a vaccine for Epizootic hemorrhages Dz
a killed one that only includes a few strains
238
How many serotypes of Border dz are there
4 | 1 is similar to BVD
239
T or F Border Dz is common in sheep and goats
FALSE - common - sheep Rare - goats
240
Epidemiology of border Dz
exists world wide in sheep
241
What are the clinical signs of border Dz
abortion prior to 45d gestation Persistent infection - lambs before 72 days gestation (low birth weight, tremors, hairy coat) sub-clinical - have recovered
242
what are the lesions for border Dz
abnormal wool coat congenital abnormalities hypo-myelinogensis in CNS
243
how is border Dz diagnosised
Viral antigen with IFA, IHC, PCR | viral neutrilization to detect Ab
244
What is the major obstacle to elimination border Dz
Persistently infected sheep
245
What should be done to replacement ewes before they intro to herd to prevent border Dz
serologic testing - need to be negative
246
T or F inactivated BVD vaccine is used in sheep for protection from Border Dz
TRUE but effectiveness not proven
247
What are the 2 feline coronaviruses
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) | Feline Enteric Coronaviruses (FEC)
248
Wat is a high progressive and always fatal Dz in cats
FIP - deadliest Dz in cats known
249
No definitive diagnostic test no effective treatments no reliable vaccine
FIP
250
What is the clinical form of FIP
consequence of the cats immune reaction to the virus NOT the actual action of the virons on the cells
251
Where did FIp arises from
mutations of Spike gene & ORF 3c accessory gene in harmless enteric FECV
252
What is the defining event n FIP infections
infection of monocytes to macrophages | FECV to FIPV
253
Where does massive amounts of replication of FECV occur
in the gut with shedding in the feces | environmental contamination
254
What are the primary sources of infection with FIP
Litter Box | Queen to kitten early in life
255
Parthogenesis of FIP
Ingestion of FECV infection and replication in enterocuytes and marcophages FECV mutates to FIP Infection of marchophage and monocyte Inflammation Vasculitis, polyserositits, polygranuloma
256
What groups of cats have the highest prevalence of Coronavirus
confinfed crowed grup housing cats
257
What 2 types of cats have genetic susceptibility
cheetahs | persian cats
258
T or F most cats who get FCoV get very sick
false 90-95% remain healthy
259
How many FCoV cats become life long shedders
15%
260
How many cats with FCoV will develop FIP
10-12%
261
What are cats at most risk for developing FIP
6-18 months after initial infection
262
FECV replicates in mature enterocytes but is excreted where
in feces of apperently healthy cats
263
What are importatn sources of transmission for FECV
little box with dried up feces fomites fur contaminated with dust or liter
264
what is the primary mode of transmission for FECV
Fecal-oral | Saliva from Queen
265
What are the 2 main clinical signs of FIP
Pyogranulomatous vasculitis | Polyserositis
266
What is the most importatn immunity in preventing clinical disease from FIP
CMI
267
FIP cats with a strong T-cell immunity but weak antibody will have what clinical signs
healthy NO Dz
268
FIP cats with failure of T-cells response and strong antibody response will have what clinical signs
Wet FIP
269
FIP cats with a weak/poor T-cell response but a strong antibody response will have what clinical signs
DRY FIP
270
T or F Humoral immunity makes FIP worse
TRUE
271
Explain Type 3 hypersensitivity with FIP
antigen-antibody complexes deposit around vessels, fix C causes vasculitis and fibrinous polyserositis
272
Explain Antibody-dependent enchancement with FIP
Ab complexes with FIP and taken up by macrophages increased replication & lysis of macrophage increased necrosis & inflammation FIP accelerated
273
Why have attempts to develop FIP vaccines failef
generating systemic Ab usually accelerate clinical Dz
274
What is the most common form of FCoV infections in adult cats
Subclinical
275
What symptoms does enteric FCoV cause
transient scours | vomiting
276
What are the 2 forms of FIP
Effusive - WET | Non-effusive - DRY
277
What is effusive FIP
``` slow ascities with fluid wave no pain thoracic & pericardial effusion low fever anorexia & lethargy Acute clinically ```
278
Describe the ascities in Wet FIP
``` clear, viscous, straw yellow or golden total protein >3.5 >50% globulin low cell counts pyogranulomatous neutrophils or macrophages ```
279
FIP effusive lesions
Fibrinous polyserositis | Pyogranulomas
280
non effusive FIP
multifocial pyogranulomas necrotizing vasculities in organs weeks to months
281
Clinical signs of Non-effusive
``` mild fever, wt loss, dull, Enlarged LN nodules on kidney or viscera ocular lesions neuro signs ```
282
what are the ocular lesions seen with DRY FIP
brown iris aquesous flare couldy anterior chamber cuffing retinal vessels
283
What are the neuro signs seen with Dry FIP
ataxia nystagmus seizures common
284
hwat neuro signs is highly suggestive of non-effusive FIP
hydrocephalus
285
what are the lesions of non-effusion FIP
multifocal pyogranulomatous nephritis lesions follow vasculature pyogranulomatous splenitis hydocephalus
286
What is the Dx test for FIP
NONE - clinical skills, blood work
287
what is the gold standard test for FIP
histopath with IHC on the section but biopsy is not always an option
288
What does a + serology FIP test tell you
exposure to FCoV
289
what does a negative FIP serology test tell you
healthy kitten - may still have Dz
290
What is the limitation of RT-PCR for FIP
cant distinguish FIP from FECV bc antigen shift
291
How do you control FIP/FECV
``` good hygine with multi-cats early weaning (5-6wks) kittens ```
292
What is the vaccine for FIP
Primucell MLV ts-mutatn of Type2 corona intranasal
293
T or F FIP vaccine is licensed for kittens
FALSE
294
T or F FIP vaccine is a core vaccination
FALSE
295
T or F if a kitten is negative for FCoV then vaccine may provide protection
TRUE
296
What occurs with panleuk replication in nucleus of dividing cells
wait for mitosis s pahse forms intra-nuclear inclusions hemagluttinate RBC
297
What are important Parvo Dz in Cats, Dogs, Swine
Cats - panluekopenia Dogs - parvo 2 Swine - Porcine virus
298
parvovirus infection in fetus or neonate
widespread many cell populations are mitotic
299
parvo infections in adults
infections of active tissues | lymoh, hematopoietic bone marrow, epithelial crypt cells
300
Intracellular effects of parvo
DNA genome enters at nucleus S phase - transscript/translate G2-M checkpt arrest - genome replication-protein synthesis virons released via necrosis & apoptosis
301
How does parvo survive so long in enviroment
persistence rather than viral shedding for almost 1 year
302
what is the most common mode of transmission for parvo
indirect contact with contaminated premises (intranasal or oral)
303
T or F inutero tranmission can occur with parvo
TRUE
304
What genera do feline panleuk, CPV 1&2, porcine parvo and aleutian Dz belong to
Protoparvovirus
305
what genera do adeno-associated viruses belong too
dependoparvovirus - require helper virus to replicate
306
what are the host for FPV
Felidae raccoon ferrets mink
307
How long is FPV shed in feces
up to 6 weeks
308
T or F FPV is resistant to most disinfectatns
TRUE but bleach will kill it
309
what virus is thought to have originated as FPV
CPV-2 AA mutations to jump species
310
When FPV causes predilection of rapidly dividing cells in of the intestinal crypt epithelium what happens
scours | enteritis
311
When FPV causes predilection of rapidly dividing cells in bone marrow, hematopoietic what happens
anemia | panleukopenia
312
When FPV causes predilection of rapidly dividing cells in lymphoid tissure what happens
secondary infections thyic atrophy lymphopenia
313
When FPV causes predilection of rapidly dividing cells in fetus
death | cerebellar hypoplasia
314
FPV pathogensis in early fetus gestation
infertility fetal death reabsoption
315
FPV pathogensis in mid to late gestation
abort | mummified fetuses
316
FPV in late gestation
``` lymphoid tissue bone marrow CNS cerebellar hypoplasia hydrancencephaly optic never atrophy ```
317
Pathogensis of FPV postnatal up to 2 weeks
cerebellar hypoplasia
318
pathogensis of FPV postnatal with adequate titer
no disease
319
What are the clinical signs of subclinical Dz in cats
common in health adults | no signs of illness
320
what is signs of FPV in generalized infection
in kittens | fever, depression, vomit, scours, dehydration
321
what are signs of FPV perinatal infection of neonates up to 2 weeks
cerebellar hypoplasisa
322
what are the results of in utero infection of FPV
embryonic resorption abortion still birth
323
what is the lesion seen with FPV
lymphocytosis in thymus, GALT, nodes , spleen
324
T or F dehydration is seen as sunken eyes in FPV cases
TRUE
325
T or F FPV can cuase gelatinous bone marrow
TRUE - leukopenia & anemia
326
What are the histopath lesions seen with FPV
villus atrophy of crypt epithelim
327
What test is used for Dx of FPV
CPV-2 antigen test but only detectable for 24-48 hours post infection
328
T or F FPV is a core vaccine
TRUE MLV killed detection of Ab titres not useful
329
Mature columnar cells that line intestine and have microvilli
enterocytes
330
What is the function of enterocytes
nutrient digestion & absorption | NOT mitotic
331
What gut cells have receptors for IgA and IgM
crypt cells
332
what is the enterocyte turnover rate
3 to 7 days
333
M cells form a dome over GALT but what is the function
uptake of antigens in the GIT
334
Ostomtic movement of fluid into the lumen | incomplete digestion, disaccharidase deficiency
Ostomtic scours
335
inflammation and necrosis increase fluid production in the intestine
Exudative Diarrhea | salmonellosis BVD
336
Diarrhea caused by enteroteoxigenic E. Coli
secretory-absorptive imbalance
337
Diarrhea caused by stress, convulsions with increased peristalysis
Intestinal hypermotility
338
Sites where viruses have been shown to destory intestinal cells
mature enterocyte at tip of villus crypt epithelium M cell over GALT
339
THese viruses have trophism for mature epithelium enterocytes on the sides and tips of villus
Rota Corona Calici Toro
340
This virus has a tropism for crypt epithelium cells and lymphocytes in GALT, virus arrives via 2nd virema
Parvo
341
Has tropism for M-cell and lymphocytes in GALT virus arrives by 2nd viremia
Pesti
342
What are the Pesti viruses that cause necrosis over M cells and peyers patch
Cattle - BVD & Rinderpest Dogs - Parvo -2 Cats - Panleukopenia
343
T or F Viruses that effect mature enterocytes but not mitotic crypt cells cause milder disease with lower mortality
TRUE | animals recovery with fluids
344
T or F Viruses that destory crypt epi and or GALT tend to produce very bad Dz with high mortality
TRUE healing takes long time 2nd bacteria problem aggressive treatment
345
What do adenviruses cause in calves
necrosis & hemorrhages from rumen to colon. Muscoal necrosis from infarts, colitis occurs
346
T or F Animals with mixed infections will have less clinical signs
FALSE - usually more severe
347
Where does Rota affect in the GI
upper SI | jejunum & Ileum
348
where does corna effect
SI - epi necrosis in procimal colon
349
Why is the source of infection for neonates with viral scours
MOTHEr
350
What influence does milk have on viralvirus as it trasverse the stomach
milk buffers and coats the virus to protect it from gastric acid
351
Why are young animals suceptible to scours
IgA is provided in milk while nursing and provdies protection but when it declines they become susceptibile
352
What age does IgA in the milk start to decline
first week up to 3-4 weeks
353
T or F Single viral infections are more common than mixed infections
False
354
What are the common causes of scours in bovine
rota | corona
355
what are the less common causes of scours in bovine
adeno parvo toro
356
what are the common causes of scours in equine
rota
357
what are the less common causes of scours in equine
adeno
358
what are the common causes of viral scours in pigs
rota | 3 corona
359
what is the less common viral scours in pigs
toro
360
what is the common cause of viral scours in goats and sheep
rota
361
what is the less common viral cause of scours in sheep and goats
adeno
362
T or F Rotavirus Enteritis secretes entertoxins
True
363
Group A rota causes scours in which animals
Large
364
Groups C & E rota causes scours in which animals
swine
365
Groups D & F rota causes scours in which animals
birds
366
Why are rota viruses so named
spikes on a wheel
367
What is the major cause of scours in intensivily housed animals
Rota
368
what are the 2 ways rota causes severe scours
lyses enterocytes at tips of villi - osmotic scours | NSP4 entertoxin - secretory scours
369
What does equine rota infection look like
adults - subclinical | foals - watery scours
370
How is rota transmitted in equine
fecal - oral | feces and fomites
371
T or F there is a vaccine for equine rota
TRUE it is inactivated vaccine with conditional approval from USDA
372
What is the biggest risk factor for equine rota
overcrowding - foal hygiene is essential
373
WHat are the 2 most common causes of scours in calves
ROTA | Corna
374
when do outbreaks of scours occur in calves
5-14 days | up to 3-4 weeks
375
T or F adeno and parvo cause severe damage to the GI tract of young calves
TRUE
376
WHat cells does corona infect
mature enterocytes
377
Why is corons considered a winter disease
it survives well in cool moist enviroments
378
Why is bovine corona pnemotropic
it can also replicate in respiratoy tract
379
T or F humans can be infected with bovine corona
TRUE
380
What is the common cause of sporadic scours in calves 1-8 week old and in feedlot cattle
adeno
381
What are the 3 corona virus of pigs
TGE - vomit Scours procine epidemic scours - milder procine hemaggulating encephalomy - vomit & wasting
382
How do we control viral scours
reduce infection pressure - clean & less animals ensure colostrum intake vaccinate dam to ensue lactogenic immunity
383
T or F most viral enteric virus can withstand gastric pH
True
384
What is the effect of the large number of replication from enteric virus
cytolysis large # virons released | contamination of enviroment in large volumes

Virology (4 decks)

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