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Virology Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of infections spread respiratory virus

A

Latent infections

persistent infections

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2
Q

What are the common small animal latent respiratory viruses

A

Alpha-herpes
FHV-1 in cats
CHV-1 in dogs

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3
Q

What are the common small animal persistent respiratory infections

A

FCV - calicivirus in Cats

Distemper - Morbillivirus in Dogs

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4
Q

What factors facilitate the spread of respiratory virus and expression of clinical signs

A 
Stress - immunosuppressive
Poor Nutrition
Overcrowding
High turnover of animals (high exposure)
Weaning
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5
Q

What are the common feline upper respiratory viruses

A

FVR - feline viral rhinotrachtiious (FHV-1 herpes)

FCV - Feline calicivirus

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6
Q

What are the common bacterial respiratory infections

A

Chlamydophilia felis

Bordetella Bronchiseptica

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7
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in Dogs

A

CHV-1

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8
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in cattle

A

IBR - Infectious bovine rhinotracitious

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9
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in equine

A

EHV-1 myelenocephalopathy

EHV4 - Rhinopneumonitis

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10
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in chickens

A

Mareks Disease Galid HV-2

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11
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in swine

A

Pseudorabies Suid HV-1

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12
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in monkey

A

Macacine herpes B-virus

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13
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in cats

A

FHV-1 feline viral rhinotracitious

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14
Q

What is the Alpha-Herpes Virus in humans

A

chicken poc Varicella zoster v

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15
Q

Which hepres virus has rapid replication, lyse the cell, and is latent in the sensory gangalia

A

ALPHA

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16
Q

which herpes virus replicate slowly, have continous shedding, and cells get large

A

BETA

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17
Q

which herpes virus are lymphtropic and latent in lymphocytes

A

GAMMA

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18
Q

What type of Virus are FVR, IBR, EHV-1&4, Markets, Pseudorabies, Macaque B

A

Alpha-herpes

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19
Q

What type of virus is porcine cytomegalovirus

A

Beta-herpes

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20
Q

what type of virus are MCF, BHV-4, EHV2&5

A

Gamma-herpes

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21
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Feline infectious Respiratory Dz

A

direct aerosol transmission

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22
Q

What cats are at greatest risk for feline infectious respiratory Dz

A

young kittens
vaccinated cats
high density groups

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23
Q

Where does the glycoprotein peplomer of FVR(FHV-1) bind

A

heprin sulfate proteglycan receptor on the host cell

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24
Q

FVR(FHV-1) replicates in the nucleus and causes what

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies

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25
Who does FVR(FHV-1) infect
Felidae but domestic cat is the main host
26
Where does FVR(FHV-1) persist in the body
trigeminal ganglion optic nerve optic bulb cornea
27
What is recurudesence
epsoides of virus shedding from stress, birth, lactation, or steriods
28
Where is FVR(FHV-1) shed
oronasal and conjunctival secretions | 1 day post infection persist for 2-3 weeks
29
Where does viral replication of FVR(FHV-1) occur
``` lower body temperatures epithelia muscosal cells of nasal septum turbinates nasopharynax tonsils ```
30
T or F herpes are fragile and don't survive well in the environment
TRUE | require close contact to spread
31
What clinical signs are seen with FVR(FHV-1)
``` sneezing lacrimation serous to mucopurlent discharge cough hypersalivation fever anorexia ```
32
T or F Alpha hereps only repliate in upper respiratory tract
TRUE | 2nd bacterial infection.pneumonia RARE
33
If the FVR(FHV-1) infection gets in the cornea what is seen
keratitis | ocular ulcers
34
what can be seen with FVR(FHV-1) infections in pregant cats
abortion | general Dz in newborn kitten - encephalitis, necrotizing hepatitis
35
When FVR(FHV-1) viral replication permanently damages turbinates the cat is predisposed to what
chronic rhinitis and sinusitis | B. bronchiseptica
36
T or F FVR(FHV-1) vaccination will prevent infection
FALSE - just prevent clinical Dz can still get virus and even shed it
37
T of F FVR(FHV-1) is a core vaccine
TRUE
38
Why is MLV recommended for FVR(FHV-1)
induces faster and better protection
39
Who is susceptible to FCV
all Feliadae
40
When is clinical Dz of FCV seen
kitten under 1 | cheetahs
41
How long will a recovered cat shed FCV
30 days to a lifetime
42
T of F Caliciviruses are resistant in environment and can survive for days
TRUE
43
how is FCV transmitted
fomites | caretakers
44
What cells does FCV have affinity for
oropharyngeal epithelium alveolar pneumocytes cancasue pneumonia
45
FCV usually is seen as an acute oral and UPI with what signs
oral ulceration of tongue and palate fever sneezing serous nasal discharge
46
IF FCV replicates in the oral cavity epithelium what is seen
vesicles and ulcers
47
if FCV replicates in alveolar epithelium what is seen
interstitial pneumonia
48
Some strains of FCV causes fever in acute synovitis that results in
limping kitten lameness/joint swelling immune complex driven
49
A highly virulent strain of FCV has been reported as acute, fatal septicemia due to
DIC, pancreatitis, hepatic and enteric necrosis
50
T or F FCV tends to be milder than FHV-1
TRUE
51
What tropism has the VS-FCV acquired
infects macrophages and endothelial cells in liver and pancreas
52
what signs are seen with VS-FCV
``` fever SQ edema ulcers on skin and paws widespread hemmorrhages thromboembolism ```
53
How is FCV diagnosed
clinical signs and history
54
Why is serology not useful to diagnosis FCV
most cats have high titer from vaccine or natural infection
55
What is the Gold standard test from FCV
Virus isolation from nasal or conjunctiva swab
56
IS RT-PCR used to Dx FHV-1 & FCV
not really you have to be cautious on a positive sample
57
Severe naso-ocular signs lead to what Dx in feline
FHV-1
58
corneal ulceration in feline is Dx for what
FHV-1
59
Oral ulceration and synovitis in cats is suggestive of what
FCV
60
T or F cats free of clinical symptoms of FCV & FHV-1 with good vaccination history can be subclinical shedders
TRUE
61
Canine infectious respiratory Dz (CIRD) is caused by what
Kennel cough | ITB
62
the complex syndrome that is caused by infection with a combination of bacterial and/or viral agents in dogs is called
kennel cough
63
what infectious agents are able to cause respiratory Dz in dogs by themselves
distemper | influenza
64
What are the common viral canine respiratory pathogens
``` parainfluenza adeno-2 distemper influenza corona hepres-1 ```
65
what are the common bacterial pathogens that cause canine respiratory Dz
Bordetella Bronchiseptica Streptoccous equi mycoplasma spp
66
What are the most commonly isolated respiratory pathogens in dogs
parainfluenza bordetella adenovirus - 2
67
Signs of canine distemper
respiratory + GI + CNS | pneumonia, conjunctivitis, vomiting, scours, seizures
68
what are the canine flu viruses
H3N8 | H3N2
69
What lesion is seen with distemper in dogs
interstitial pneumonia
70
T or F canine corna is usually a co-pathogen in canine respiratory Dz
TRUE
71
T or F Canine Respiratory Corona is Antigenically distinct from enteric corona
TRUE
72
T or F Bordetella is potentically zoonotic
TRUE
73
How is kennel cough transmitted
direct contact with aerosolized respiratory secretions | fomite
74
T or F kennel cough spread more in confined dogs with poor ventilation
TRUE
75
What is the primary target of kennel cough viruses
upper airway epithelium necrosis inflammation dysfunction cilia
76
T or F kennel cough is owrse with exercise
TRUE
77
How can you elicite a cough when examining a dogs suspected of having kennel cough
palpating trachea
78
How is CIRD Dx
clinical signs and history of exposure
79
What respiraoty vaccine are core
CpiV CAV-2 CDV
80
When do you vaccinate for bordetella
high density | intranasal MLV
81
what does bordetella cause in humans
immune suppression
82
Why isnt virus isolation used to Dx CIRD
false negative if viron # low | slow turn around
83
why isn't PCR used to Dx CIRD
no available for all virus can detect MLV vaccine False neg if sample degrades
84
what not use serology for Dx CIRD
natural exposure and previous vaccination cause problems
85
what is the primary control measure for CIRD
HYGIENE reduce contact dog-dog prevent indirect transmission
86
how can you reduce CIRD shedding to healthy dogs
isolation ward for coughing dogs | Tx as outpatients
87
How can you reduce stressor for CIRD
avoid high density confinement | good air quality
88
What type of viruses are influenza
Orthomyxoviridae RNA enveloped 6-8 segments of genome
89
Who does Flu A effect
birds horses swine humans
90
Who does flu B effect
Humans - common flu
91
who does flu C effect
humans and swine - no Dz
92
who does thogotovirus effect
tick-born, infects livestock | no Dz
93
who does isavirus effect
salmon anemia virus
94
What is flu nomenclature
``` virus type (ABC) species geographic orgin strain no year of isolation H & N subtype ```
95
What is the viral receptor bind protein for flu
H - Hemagluttinin | 17 subtypes
96
What is the flu protein that facilitates budding and cell to cell spread of virus
N - Neurminidase | 10 subtypes
97
What protein identifies virus as an influenza strain
Matrix protein
98
What are the 2 steps in flu virus infection of a cell
1 - H on virus binds to sialic acid receptor | 2 - Host cell protease cleaves viral H
99
T or F Flu host cell must be permissive to the flu virus can't occur
True
100
What flu protein induces apoptosis in monocytes and macrophages
PB1-F2
101
which flu protein block IFN secretion by infected cells
NS-1
102
Why do chicken get multi-systemic disease from H5N1 and H5N2
cells in many organs are permissive for virons
103
why do aquatic waterfowl not expirence clinical Dz with the flu
only permissive cells are in the intestinal tract so the virus doesn't spread systemically
104
What animals have sialic acid receptors for both avian and human influenza
Swine
105
Where does genetic re-assortment of human and avian flu occur
Swine
106
What is the only animal that can be infected with avian, human, and swine flu
Swine
107
human flu outbreak of global proportions from a new virus for which people have no immunity. spread easily from person-person
Pandemic Flu
108
seasonal flu virus that circulate through population. people have immunity from past infections and vaccinations.
Epidemic - usually type B
109
What happens when flu viruses kill humans via cytokin storm
over-reaction of the immune system causes a fatal acute inflammatory respiratory Dz Mortality about 60-80%
110
Virion acquire new surface proteins segmented viruses exchange genome segments pandemic flu
Antigenic Shift
111
Virons have slight change in surface protein point mutations epidemic flu
antigenic drift
112
What are avian flus
Fly type A with H5 or H7 that infects poultry
113
T of F avian influenza is OIE notifiable
TRUE
114
Mild Dz in birds no human threat single Arginine at HA site only respiratory and GI cells
Low Path AI
115
causes > 75% mortality in birds several amino acids at HA site tissue tropism human threat
high path AI
116
how is AI transmitted
direct contact with respiratory droplets or feces aerosol - close contact fomities
117
What strains of AI are common in wild birds
low path - no clinical signs
118
what strains of AI are rare in US flocks
High Path
119
what are sigsn of High path AI
``` sudden death depression/ ruffled featehrs swollen combs scours no shell, low egg prod cough, sneez, discharge ```
120
high path AI lesions
comb swell | multifocal petechial hemorhages& infarcts
121
mortality of High path AI
75-100%
122
What is used to Dx AI
RT-PCR - sequence M then test for H5 or H7 genes Virus isolation - tracheal or cloacal swabs from live bird Serology - screen flocks
123
How is AI surveillance done
wildlife surveillanve domestic bird surveillanve and diagnsotics smuggling interdiction & trade ocmpliance
124
What type of survillence - USDA is testing Alaska birds in costal areas
wildlife survillence
125
what type of survelliance is NPIP and live market look outs
domestic bird
126
what type of surveillance is looking for smugglers
smuggling interdication and trade compliacne (SITC)
127
what are the 2 form of swine flu
acute - outbreak recover 4-6 days 100% morbidity 1% mortality Andemic - subclin - bacterial pneumonia with PRRS
128
Lesions with sine influenza
``` demarcked purple to red lesion on lungs atelectasis consolidation of cardiac and apical obes frothey exudate in ariway edema in cervical and mediastinal mn ```
129
Since swine flu replicates in the bronchial epi cells what is prinicipal lesion
necrosis of airway epithelium - 2nd bacterial pneumonia
130
how do you Dx swine flu
nasophyaryngeal secretions on sacron swab RT-PCR IHC - formlin tissues Serology - paired samples
131
why would serology Dx of flu not be helpful
if the herd was vaccinated it will show up
132
what are control measure form swine flu
vaccination | biosecurity
133
H7N7 & H3N8
Equine flu
134
T or F no clincal Dz has occurred from H7N7 in past 25 years
TRUE
135
What are the 2 lineages of H3N8
Euraisian & America - circulate world wide | multiple strains of each
136
what are animals are most suseptiable to flu
young
137
If a horses doesn't have sufficienct levels of flu antibodies the duration of immuntiy is
short | months to a year
138
what is causes problems with vaccine failure to protect agaisnt equine flu
antigenic drift
139
What does natural flu infection generate
IgA
140
how long does equine flu vaccine last
3-4 months vaccine - IgG poor CMI inducer
141
What is teh most common and economically important viral respiratory Dz of horses
EIV
142
why are equine flu outbreaks common
subclin shedders - partial immunity vaccinated horses can shed with no signs of illness congerating young horses
143
epidemic horse respiratory Dz in young animals
fever, cough, discharge, anorexia last up to 3 weeks morb 100% mort 0
144
How is EIV usually acquired
direct contact | aerosols inhalation
145
T or F fomites can spread equine flu
TRUE | traliers, vet equipment, clothing , buckets
146
When do you vaccinate foals for EIV
after 6 months were maternal antibody is gone
147
when do you vaccinate pregant mares for EIV
2-6 weeks before birth to boost passive transfer
148
what is EIV vaccine protocol
initally a series of 3 then bi-annual or annual
149
wheere did canince flue H3N8 first appear
racing greyhounds with hemmorrhagic pneumonia in 2004
150
Where did H2N8 come from
Horses but transfer its entire genome
151
Where was H3N2 isolated
Phillipines in 2007
152
What flu is circulating in dogs in asia
H3N2
153
Why is there concern about the close contact between humans and dogs
new flu pandemic strain
154
what does canicne flu look like
kennel cough | 80% URI
155
how is canine influenza Dx
serology paired serum 4 fold increase
156
Are PCR test available for canine flu
only A subtypes
157
T or F canine flu is a core vaccine
FALSE
158
T or F viral replication of herpes is required to establish latency
FALSE
159
Lytic cycle of herpes
infection of epithelial cells productive virus infection - virons expression of viral proteins infected cell lysed
160
Latent cycle of herpes
infection of neuron or CD8T-lymphocytes viral nucleic acid transcription and translation of viral genes NO virons formed host immune system does not detect virus
161
What does re-activation of herpes involve
switch from latent to lytic infection
162
What seen with herpes of the respiratory system
upper respiratory coughing
163
what is seen with herpes of the ocular system
conjunctivites | corneal ulcers
164
what is seen with herpes of the reproductive system
abortion | genitalia vesicles
165
what is seen with generalized infection of herpes
necrosis in lungs and kidneys
166
What are the equine alpha-herepes
1,3,4,6,8,9
167
what are the equine gama-herpes
2 & 5
168
what does EHV-1 cause
equine abortion respiratroy disease myeloencephalopathy abortion and neonatal septicemia
169
what does EHV-3 causes
equine coital exanthema
170
what does EHV-4 causes
equine rhinopneumonitis
171
what does EHV-6,8&9 cause
respiratory Dz in donkeys and zebras
172
What does EHV-2 cause
pneumonia in foals and conjunctivities | cytomegalovirus
173
what does EHV-5 cause
equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis
174
Are herpes susceptible to disinfectants
YES
175
once latency of herpes is establish how long does it last
life - long
176
What is the immunity of herpes
short term despite persistance of IgG in serum
177
T or F horses can be re-infected with herpes multiple time in life
TRUE
178
What cells are important in preventing systemic dissemenition of herpes
cytotoxic T-cells
179
What is the common cause of respiratory Dz in young horses
EHV-4 endemic world wide
180
How is EHV-4 transmitted
inhalation of infected droplets nasal secretions/discharge fomites
181
Where does EHV-4 establish latency
trigeminal ganglion - intervates nasal mucosae
182
Why is age a risk factor for EHV 4
foals get EHV-4 from mothers more sever Dz shed large # virons in nasal secretions passive transfer only last about 6 months
183
Pathogensis of EHV-4
virus inhaled binds to and replicates in UR epi causing necrosis virus spreads down into deeper parts of respiratory tract and lympoid tissue leukocyte associated viremia latency in trigeminal ganglion
184
what are the signs of EHV-4
``` fever cough rhinitis conjunvtivitis 2-20 days recovery 2-5 days cough last up to 3 weeks ```
185
what are the 4 syndromes caused by EHV-1
respiratory myceloencephalopathy abortion neonatal secretions
186
T or F EHV-1 is endemic in horses
True
187
what 3 organ systems are involved in EHV-1 infections
respiratory tract uterus & placenta CNS
188
Final common pathway for tissue injury of EHV-1 is
damage to vascular endothelium | vasulities necrosis thrombosis and ichemia
189
Pathogenesis of EHV-1
infection of endothelium causes cell death inflammation and activation of clotting factors ischemia & necrosis
190
WHat causes abortions with EHV-1
vaculitis in placenta, endometrium or fetus
191
What causes myeloencephalopathy with EHV-1
vasculitis and not by direct viral infection of neural tissue
192
T or F humoral immunity is protective against EHV-1
FALSE | its cell-ass during viremia not free in plasma
193
T or F Mares will abort many times with EHV1
FALSE usually only once but can still shed virus
194
What causes CNS disease with EHV1
point mutation from G to A within ORF gene
195
pathogensis of neurotropic EHV varients
replicate to very high titer increased leukocyte-ass viremia infection and necrosis of eno cells in CNS vasculitis
196
what lesions is seen with neurotropic EHV-1
mutlifocal distrubtion
197
T or F neurotropic EHV1 sheds short period of time
FALSE - longer 21 days instead of 7-20
198
T or F horses with myeloencephalopathy are especially contagious
True
199
signs of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
fever by 24-72 hours rapid neuro signs stabilize 1-2 days spinal white matter involvment
200
Clinical signs of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
``` ataxia & paresis toe dragging, stumbling hindlimbs hypotonia of tail and anus fecal and urinary incontinence crainal nerve deficits ```
201
when does EHV-1 abortion occurs
last trimester | 28% of pregant mares
202
What is the gold standard EHV test
Virus isolation but it takes 5-7 days
203
RT- PCR of EHV is helpful for what
distinguishing latent from active infection
204
Dx test for the presence of EHV
IFA and IHC on aborted fetus tissues
205
T or F most horses are seropositive to EHV 1 &4
TRUE natural infection or vaccine
206
what can distinguish between EHV 1 and EHV 4
ELSIA detecting IgG
207
what is a complement fixation test for EHV
detects IgM levels decay >30 days PI 4 fold increase on paried samples =recent infection
208
What is a viral neutrilization test
dectects IgG levels persist for > 9 months not useful for acute infections only retrospective
209
T or F inactivated EHV 1 & 4 vaccines produce sterilizing immunity
FALSE but they do lessen clinical Dz
210
T or F inactivated EHV vaccines make claim on label to prevent abortion
TRUE
211
T or F new ts-MLV intranasal vaccine show good efficacy against respiratory Dz and abortion
TRUE
212
T or F there are many vaccines to protect horses from EHV myeloencephalopathy
FALSE
213
EHV control measures
``` reduce new arrivals and fomite transfer isolate new arrivals for 21 days do not add new horses to groups of mares reduce stress quarentine sick animals sanitation ```
214
what are control measure for EHV-1 abortions
rapid diagnosis - necropsy fetus prevent spreading vaccinate prego mares routinely
215
control measures for EHV CNS in MO
``` report to state vet isolation and quarentine confirm Dx no mov't on off farms for 28 days monitior signs of EHV Do not vaccinate ```
216
Signs of EHV-2
purlent nasal discharge fever lymphadenopathy and conjunctivitis - in foals foals recover 7 days
217
where does EHV-2 establish latency
lymphocytes and mononuclear leukocytes draining infected lymphatic tissue
218
What is signs of EHV 3
veneral Dz of papular pustular and ulcer lesions on vaginal mucosa, penis, prepuce
219
Where does EHV-3 latency occur
sciatic ganglion
220
what is incubation of EHV-3
2-10 days outbreak at 14 days lesions on mouth of foals
221
How do you control for EHV3
Artificial insemination
222
what are the 2 common types of adenovirus in foals
Eadv-1 | Eadv-2
223
what does adeno virus cause in horses
inapparent Dz or mild upper respiratory or mild scours
224
What does adeno cause in arabian foals with SCID mutation
fatal pneumonia
225
Where are equine rhinitis virus shed
nasal secretions and trasmitted via aersol inhalation
226
Where is equine rhinitis virus A shed long term
urine
227
T or F equine rhinitis A is zoonotic
TRUE fever and pharyngitis in humans inactivated vaccine cond license
228
Inclusion body rhinitis caused by suid herpes -2 causes what
cytomegalovirus - forms large basophillic intranuclear inclusion bodies in mucous glands of the nasal turbinates
229
how is suid herpes 2 transmitted
direct aersol transplacental urine
230
What age pigs is suid herepes 2 seen in
3-5 week old | fever, sneezing discharge eyes
231
T or F Endemic herd infections of suid herpes leads to accelerated atrophic rhinitis
TRUE
232
What is seen with generalized infection of suid herpes in piglets less than 3 weeks
outbreak of sudden death and anemia | intrauterine exposure
233
how is inclusion body rhinitis Dx
histopath on turbinates PCR - nasal scraping IFA or ELISA serology
234
Viral pneumonia in cattle cause
damage to respiratory epi decreased alveolar macrophages immunosupression
235
When does diagnostic and treatment interventions occur with bovine pneumonia
stage of bronchopneumonia | difficult to detect viral pathogens at this stage
236
What are the 4 viral pathogens in cattle
IBR PI3 BRSV BVD
237
how do viral pathogens pre-dispose cattle to bacterial pneumonia
reducing normal defense mechanisms
238
pasturella is a virulent bacteria that produces a potent virulence factor
leukotoxin that binds and kills ruminant macrophages and neutrophils
239
What can be seen with late stages of bronchopneumonia
pulmonary abcesses | bronchiectasis
240
What does histophilus somni produce
suppuritive and fibrinous bronchopneumonia
241
IBR BHV-1 is associated with what 2 diseases
respiratory and genital
242
BHV5 is associated with what rare disease
encephalitis
243
T or F IBR BHV-1 has been found in deer across North America and europe
True
244
T or F goats and sheep can be latently infected and reactive IBR BHV-1
True
245
T or F Cattle are immune to other ruminant herepes virus and only can get BHV
FALSE - can be infected by elk heres
246
What is the most common respiratory disease of feedlot and unvaccinated cattle
IBR BHV-1
247
what is the most common age for outbreaks of IBR BHV-1
cattle over 6 months being stressed
248
Where does the primary infection of IBR BHV-1 occur
respiratory tract conjunctiva reproductive tract
249
Where does IBR BHV-1 establish latency
sensory ganglia neurons - for life of animal
250
There is local replication of IBR BHV-1 but it can spread to the eyes and lacrimal ducts and even to the
trigeminal ganglion
251
what is different about BHV5 than BHV1
it can spread beyond the brain trigeminal ganglion and cause non-suppurative encephalitis
252
T or F IBR BHV-1 can cause abortion
True - usually follows respiratoy illness in herd or vaccination with MLV 6-8 months of gestation
253
venereal forms of IBR BHV-1 cause
pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis | erosions and ulcers in the vagina and penis
254
T or F in many cases of IBR BHV-1 fibrinopurulent exudate is seen
TRUE
255
What are gross lesions in abort fetus IBR BHV-1
``` multifocal necrosis (liver, lungs) IHC can detect viral antigen ```
256
what samples are used for PCR testing of IBR BHV-1
nasal secretions tissues semen blood
257
What test is used to recent IBR BHV-1 infections
IgM - ELISA | 4 fold increase in titer
258
T or F both intransal and IM vaccines for IBR BHV-1 stimulate humoral antibody
TRUE
259
T or F intranasal and IM vaccines for IBR BHV-1 both stimulate local IgA
FALSE | only intranasal
260
what vaccines will be useful in IBR BHV-1 eradication
BHV subunit vaccines | able to distinguish it from wild type virus
261
What countires have eridacted IBR BHV-1
``` austria denmark finland sweden italy switerzland norway ```
262
Who is the host for BRSV
cattle but it can infect sheep and goats
263
T or F matenal antibodies provide good protection from BRSV
FALSE
264
How is BRSV transmitted
aersol | direct contact
265
what does BRSV cause
rhinitis tracheitis intersitital pneumonia
266
primary infection of BRSV is usually seen as sudden outbreak of
acute respiratory Dz most recovery in 1 week some die of fatal pneumonia
267
lesions seen with BRSV
lungs that fail to collapse and emphysema | large multinucleated syncytial cells
268
How is BRSV disagnosied
PCR virus isolation IHC on tissues IFA on cells from transtrachela aspirate
269
who are the host for PI3
cattle and sheep
270
pathogensis of PI3
transient clinical Dz 3-4 days | formation of syncytial cells and intracytoplasmic inclusions
271
What are the porcine respiratory viruses
Influenza PRRSV Circovirus
272
Viral causes of abortion in swine
``` parvo entero PRRS Pseudorabies classical swine fever ```
273
PRRS subtypes provide cross protection to one another
FALSE
274
T or F PRRS can establish persistent infection
True can cause severe Dz
275
PRRS can survie for days inwater and feezing as well
true
276
Where did PRRS come from
1987 prolly from mutations in mouse arterivirus
277
What is death and Dz of PRRS associated with
secondary pathogens
278
How is PRRS transmitted horozontal
direct contact with nasal discharge, semen, saliva, urine, or feces shedding for up to 15 weeks airborn possible
279
How does PRRS transmit vertically
in utero - PI piglets
280
Pathogensis of PRRS
Spread and replication in many organs | REplicates in macrophages, esp pulmonary compromises thier function and pre-disposes them to bacterial infections
281
T or F PRRS respiratory and reproductive Dz may occur in the same herd
TRUE - milf fever, blue ears, labored breathing, late term abortions, weak un-thrifty pigs
282
What age piglets does PRRS respiratory Dz affect
any age mainly nursey and weaned pigs respiratory signs conjunctivitis and scours
283
what test is used to analyza tissues and screen boar semen for PRRS
PCR
284
Why can virus isolation be a problems to detect PRRS
neutralizing antibody may inhibit virus isolation
285
T or F sometimes antibodies enhance the replication of PRRS in macrophages
TRUE | materal antibodies do provide protection
286
What is the control of PRRS
eradication - depop move nursey off-site sanitize move gilts off site close herd
287
What is vaccine control of PRRS
inactivated and MLV are used | MLV - stronger
288
Why have PRRS MLV been a problem
induce clinical Dz in pregnant sows
289
Why does PRRS MLV not protect against heterologus strains
they have resulted from virus evolution
290
T or F use of vaccines have been a great controlled method for PRRS in the US
FALSE | management has been better
291
What 2 proteins does circovirus nucleic acid encodes 2 proteins what are they
replicase | capsid
292
What species does circo infect
pigs dogs | birds - parrots, pigeons, chickens, ducks
293
Which PCV is associated with Dz
PCV-2
294
what disease is OCV-2 associated with
postwean multisystemic wasting | Procine dermatitis and nephtopathy
295
What kind of infections does PCV-2 predispose pigs to
congential tremors neonate cardiomyopathy repro failures porcine respiratory disease
296
T or F PCV-2 is very stable
True - resistant to heat, humidity and common disinfectants
297
T or F the European strain of PCV is more virulent
TRUE - more disease
298
How is PCV-2 transmitted
in secretions fecal-oral persist for long time
299
What are facts about PCV-2 pathogenesis
macrophages important co-infections important Dual infection may increase replication genetics can be factor
300
Pathogensis of PCV-2
destruction of lymphocytes inflammation in LN, spleen, tonsil, kidney large viral replication decreased immune function
301
What is the major clinical sign of piglets wtih PCV-2 PMWS (nursing)
failure to thrive weight loss respiratory
302
what is the major clinical signs of piglets with PDNS PCV-2
end of nursey start of grower | skin lesions on hindlimbs, perineum, kidney
303
WHat are the gross lesions seen with PCV-2
``` wasting pulmonary edema gastric ulceration enlarged kidney ascites plueral/pericardical effusions ```
304
What are the histopath lesions seen with PCV-2
granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated giant cells and basophilic inclusions intersticial pneumonia
305
Test and tissue used for PCV Dx
PCR or IHC - blood or tissue | Tonsil or lymph nodes
306
where is there limited value to serology testing of PCV
most pigs are infected when young so they will be seropositive
307
WHat are control measures for PCV-2
reduce crowding | all in all out
308
are there vaccines available for PCV
chimeric PCV-1 Europe inactivated PCV-2 Europe US some eff in reducing Dz vaccinate 3 weeks and 6 weeks
309
What does porcine parvo cause
repro failure | endemic in many herds
310
T or F if a gilt is exposed to natural PPV they will become diseased
FALSE
311
What happens when gilts are exposed to PPV in first 1/2 gestation
transplacental infection | aborted or mummified
312
T or F fetuses affected with PPV after 70 days gestation will be born alive
True but will shed PPV early postnatal
313
When are losses most severe with PPV
when PPV is introduced into seronegative herds during pregancy
314
transmission of PPV
direct contact ingestion of secretions vertical to fetus boar semen
315
what is the primary reservior of virus on farms with PPV
contaminated enviroment
316
what is the first sign of PPV infection in a herd
increase in open gilts returning to heat 3-8 weeks after breeding
317
T or F all fetus in a liter will be affected by PPV
FALSE | some will be born alive some will be born mummified
318
Dx test for PPV
IFA on frozen tissue of fetus | serology limited bc widespread infection
319
Prevention and control of PPV
vaccination with inactive vaccine 2 weeks apart before breeding
320
T or F pseudorabies has been eradicated from the US
TRUE | 2007 all state free status
321
T or F pseudorabies remains present in feral pigs in the Us
TRUE - concern for transmisson to commerical herds
322
T or F pseudorabies is reportable
yes to state and federal
323
T or F pigs that recover from pseudorabies are latent carriers for life
TRUE - alpha herepes sets up latent infection in sensory ganglia reactivation during stress
324
T or F pseudorabies is stable in environment
FALSE - survive for 2 weeks but easily destroyed by disinfectants
325
Who is the host for pseudorabies
swine natural host and reservoir | accidental host - dogs cats cattle sheep goats
326
what type of Dz does accidental host of pseudorabies develop
acute sever Dz
327
How is pseudorabies transmitted to ruminants and horses
close contact with swine usually ingestion of pig meat
328
What are the 5 ways pseudorabies is transmitted
``` direct oral-nasal contact airborn from sneezing contaminated food water (14d) veneral transmission transplacental transmission ```
329
Pathogenesis of Pseudorabies
oral or intranasal infection PHV-1 replicates in the oropharynx 24 hrs goes to brain via cranial nerves encephalitis occurs PHV-1 pantropic disseminates many tissues presits in tonsils and trigeminal ganglion
330
what are the clinical signs of psedurabies in a navie swine herd
infection of respiratory, nervous, and reproductive system
331
what signs does suckling piglets with pseudorabies show
CNS signs incoordination, tremors, paddling, convuslsions, vomit, scours mortality 100%
332
what signs do grower pigs with pseudorabies show
5% mortality fever, respitory signs trembling, incoordination, seizures
333
what signs do sows with pseudorabies show
early gestation -abort | late gestation - mummifed fetus
334
what are the signs of pseudorabies in accidental host
intestn local puritis violent licking, chewing rubbing self-mutilation neurologic signs death within hours
335
Dx test for pesudorabies
PCR virus isolation IF nasal cavity and tonsil
336
What is the standard herd test for pseudorabies
SN
337
what test can distingush a vaccinated pseudorabies pig for a natural infection
ELSIA
338
How is pseudorabies infection identified in accidental host
IFA on brain virus isolation PCR
339
When was the US eradication program for pseudorabies
1989 - depop | 2005 domestic swine free
340
What is the control metod used in countires with endemic pseudorabies
vaccination with ML gene deletion vaccines
341
T or F pseudorabies is zoonotic
FALSE

Virology (4 decks)

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