Vision and Visual Perception Evaluation and Intervention Flashcards
Acuity
Capacity to discriminate fine details of objects in the visual field (20/20).
Bring the object into a nearer point of vision where it is the clearest/sharpest.
This requires accommodation reflex
Clarity of vision- what most people need corrective lenses for
Sight-
the ability to discriminate small objects, such as in acuity
Vision-
the process of taking in, processing and integrating visual and other sensory information to form a perception
Optometric model of vision:
- acuity, refraction and eye health
- visual efficiency skills
- visual information processing
Visual Receptive Skills
foundation of visual cognitive functions
Visual Integrity - 3 parts
Acuity
Refractive abilities
Eye Health
Visual efficiency - 3 parts
Accommodation
Binocular vision
Ocular motility
3 part of Visual Cognitive Skills
Visual Attention
Visual Memory
Visual Perception
Visual Perception
is what is happening in the brain, the child’s ability to use visual information to make meaning of what they see
When learning letters a child must
be able to
- recognize
- recall what a letter looks like
- discriminate between two familiar letters such as “b” and “p”.
- Think of the visual version of the alphabetic system
Difficulties in this area visual perception:
refer for formal testing with a developmental optometrist and/or occupational therapist
3 part of Visual Perception- Form Perception
Form constancy
Visual closure
Figure ground
spatial perception
depth perception - how far or close something is
topographic orientation - you know the layout without having to physically see it.
visual spatial orientation - ability to write on the line or appropriate spaces.
Visual Motor Integration
Combines visual perceptual and motor skills
Using vision to guide motor output.
Child’s ability to copy
shapes, letters or numbers.
For the preschooler entails drawing lines to join objects.
More advanced examples of this skill involve copying cursive letters accurately.
when is vision developed
first 2-3 weeks
senses that are learned in the first 2-3 weeks.
infant’s world is learned through the senses of smell, taste, touch and sound with mother’s voice (cadence & sound) “recognized”
proprioception (including vestibular system) from being moved around for diaper changes, baths, dressing and lots of TLC.
visual motor learning coordination 3-4 weeks
vision and hearing supersedes other senses as the most important learning channels
Vision Leads The Development Of Integrative Functions
Visual-Motor Learning and Coordination:
Four to twelve weeks:
Once head control is achieved, including rotation and vertical movements
Visual “grasping” of objects in space stimulates all motor functions
This initiates the drive to retrieve them.
Rolling over may occur initially while trying to get a toy or see an object of interest.
Visual-Motor Learning and Coordination:
Six months onward:
Rolling over and raising up on upper limbs
Pushing back or forwards
Eventually sitting, crawling, creeping, cruising and walking
All believed to be drive initially by visual stimulation of something in the environment, coupled with the desire to obtain objects, bring them to midline for exploration and manipulation and thus learn about them.
almost all behavior is visually driven throughout life, including all movements, reading, writing, math, inventing, discovering and creating.
True
Vision Leads The Development Of Integrative Functions
Visual-Manual (eye-hand) Coordination:
Begins around three months when hands meet in midline and infant studies movements.
Helps develop concepts of body parts, sense of self and space in relation to midline activities. This is reinforced by seeing objects (or hearing sounds) at a distance or up close.
Vision Leads The Development Of Integrative Functions
Visual-Manual-Oral Coordination: (Visual-Motor-Oral Triad)
Begins around 3-months with grasping bottle and holding it, along with reaching grasping coordination.
Visual-manual-oral coordination or “triad” improves over first year
Vision Leads The Development Of Integrative Functions
Visual-Object Recognition and Learning:
Begins around two to three months with recognition of parent’s face and later midline study of hands and toys.
All reinforces concepts of stereognosis coupled with stereoptics, and midline activities or body movements.
Vision Leads The Development Of Integrative Functions
Visual-Spatial Recognition and Learning:
Begins early; by 4 months infant can follow activities going on in visual surround.
6 months infant searching out surroundings for familiar versus strange voices, sounds or objects
Concept of object-constancy in relation to objects and space developing by 6-10 months
In C.V.I and blind infants both visual-object and visual-spatial recognition and learning, including concept of object-constancy, are severely impaired.
