Visual Perception

Question 1

what disease did Dr. P have?

Answer 1

Visual form agnosia

Question 2

what is visual form agnosia

Answer 2

able to describe objects in great detail but unable to recognize the objects when they are visually presented

Question 3

what is the first stage of the perceptural process
internal or external to the subject?
examples?

Answer 3

stimulus/environment stimulus is the first stage of the perceptural prcoess and is external to the subject

ex. tree, car, bike

Question 4

what is the 2nd stage of the perceptual process

Answer 4

light is reflected from the stimulus and enters the eye

Question 5

what happens to the stimulus in the 2nd stage is called the _____

Answer 5

principle of transformation

-the environmentla stimulus is transformed (or changed) in order to be perceieved

Question 6

what is the 3rd stage of the perceptual process

Answer 6

the receptor process

light is converted to an electrical signal that propagates other retinal layers

Question 7

what is the principle of representation

Answer 7

the refelcted light is focused on the retina and therefore the environmental stimulus (external stim) is now represented internally to the subject

Question 8

everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact w/ the stimulus but on the …..

Answer 8

representation of the stimulus on the receptors and on activity in the nervous system

Question 9

what is the 4th stage

Answer 9

neural processing
-signal generated by the photoreceptors is transmitted to and transformed by neurons (bipolar, ganglion, P, M, and K cells, simple and complex cells in the primary visual cortex)

Question 10

what is the 4th stage’s signal further processed by

Answer 10

neurons w/in the brain

-ex. ventral and dorsal stream

Question 11

after the signal has been trasmitted and transformed by the neurons of the nervous system the next stages in perceptual prcoess take place, what are these called

Answer 11

behavorial responses

Question 12

w.o _____ you cannot recognize or take actino after perception

Answer 12

knowledge or experience

Question 13

perception => recognition => ____

Answer 13

action

Question 14

what are the 3 behavorial responses

Answer 14

1. perception which is conscious awareness of a stimulus
2. recognition which is the categorization of the stimulus
3. action which involves usually motor activities

Question 15

when the stimulus is a tree…

• the light is reflected, transformed, and focused on the ____
• the ______ react to light and generate a signal
• once the neurons process and transform this signal we. perceive an ____
• we ____ the object as being a tree (categorize it)
• we take _____

Answer 15

• retina
• photoreceptors
• object
• recognize
• action

Question 16

where can knowledge be from

Answer 16

1. knowledge is the info that a subject brings to any situation
2. knowledge may have been acquired over many years or just recently

Question 17

what are the 2 types of perceptural processing

Answer 17

1. bottom-up processing

2. top-down processing

Question 18

what is bottom up processing also known as

Answer 18

aka data based processing

Question 19

what is bottom up processing

Answer 19

says that the perception influences behavior
-based on the stimuls’ image that reaches the photoreceptors
-

Question 20

what is the starting point of perception? why?

Answer 20

bottom-up processing

bc w/o photorecptor activation there is no perception

Question 21

what is top down processing also known as

Answer 21

knowledge-based processing

Question 22

what is top down processing based on

Answer 22

prior knowledge

Question 23

what does the top-down processing theory state

Answer 23

that perception is influenced by cognition

ex, wandering around at night

Question 24

where does bottom-up processing start at

Answer 24

the photoreceptors and propagates towards the brain

Question 25

where does top-down processing start at

Answer 25

starts at the brain and influences lower perceptual processes ex. knowledge influences recognition

Question 26

how often does top-down processing get used in perception

Answer 26

for simple tasks and stimulus, usually bottom-up processing is sufficient - as the stimui get more and more complex, then top-down processing becomes the major player ex. perception of a scene is top down

Question 27

when it comes on perceiving objects we need to go beyond the retinal image as it is ____

Answer 27

ambiguous

Question 28

is the light and dark pattern that a scene creates on the retina enough to determine what's out there?

Answer 28

nope

Question 29

once we know the object's ___ and ____ it's a simple problem to find the retinal image

Answer 29

size and geomtrey

Question 30

the perceptual system is not concerned on calculating the retinal image. what is it concerned on determing?

Answer 30

concerned on determining the real object for a given retinal image

Question 31

determining the real object for the given retinal image is known as what

Answer 31

inverse projection problem

Question 32

can computers solve the inverse projection problem? why/why not?

Answer 32

no. they can't separate objects w/ the same visual angle

Question 33

why is the perceptual system able to recognize objects that are not in focus

Answer 33

based on prior knowledge of these objects

Question 34

the perceptual system is able to differentiate objects that share the same retinal image, recognize blurred or hidden objects, and perceive as the same, objects that are viewed from diff viewpoints. how is this achieved

Answer 34

perceptual organization

Question 35

what are the 2 different mechanisms that perceptual organiziaiton has

Answer 35

1. grouping | 2. segregation

Question 36

what is grouping

Answer 36

the ability of the perceptual system to 'put together' visual events ex. when you are looking at indiv windows you can put them together to form a buildig

Question 37

what is segregation

Answer 37

the ability to distinguish objects from other objects | ex. when you look at boston's skyline, you can tell one building is diff from the other

Question 38

are grouping and segregation together or separate?

Answer 38

they work together

Question 39

what does gestalt mean

Answer 39

whole or complete - looks at the big picture, not indiv parts - laws for gropuing and segregation are used

Question 40

what are gestalt's grouping principles

Answer 40

``` simplicity similiarity proximity continuity common fate closure connectedness ```

Question 41

what is the principle of simplicity also known as

Answer 41

principle of good figure or pragnanz

Question 42

what is the principle of simplicity

Answer 42

fundatmental principle of gestalt psych -every stimulus is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible OR -reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form possible

Question 43

what is the principle of similarity

Answer 43

grouping objects that are similar ex. rows of red and blue - principle applies to grouping bc of similiar color, shape, size or orientation

Question 44

what is the principle of proximity

Answer 44

things that are near each other appear to be grouped together ex. one row of stars vs 3 groups of 2 stars each

Question 45

what is the principle of continuity

Answer 45

we tend to see complex stimuli as being composed of smooth, continuous patterns that overlap -lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path

Question 46

what is the principle of common fate

Answer 46

thigns that move in the same direction appear to be grouped together ex. flock of birds as a whole and not as a hundred of indiv. birds

Question 47

what is the principle of closure

Answer 47

things that are w/in the same region or space appear to be grouped together

Question 48

what principle does the principle of closure override

Answer 48

principle of proximity

Question 49

what is the principle of connectedness

Answer 49

a connected region of the same visual properties (ex. color, brightness, texture or motion) is perceived as a single unit

Question 50

what principle does the principle of connectedness overpower

Answer 50

principle of proximity

Question 51

the grouping principles tell us that we create perceptions of objects based on ____

Answer 51

assumptions

Question 52

assumptions are _____ and are so obvious bc we have experience

Answer 52

unconscious

Question 53

the assumptions are nothing less than the ...

Answer 53

basic operating principles of our perceptual system

Question 54

what is the segregation problem referred to

Answer 54

the ground-figure segregation | bc what we perceive as an object usually stands from its background

Question 55

what is border ownership

Answer 55

the border separating the figure from the ground belongs to the figure