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Nutrition and Food Science > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of vitamin A?

A

Retinol

Beta Carotene

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2
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

normal structure and function of skin, mucous membranes, eyes, digestive system
vital for growth
cellular differentiation
immune system

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3
Q

Describe a deficiency in vitamin A:

A 
Night blindness 
xeropthalmia - dryness of conjunctiva and tear glands are blocked
total blindness
stunted growth
health of skin affected 
lowered immune system
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4
Q

Describe a toxicity of vitamin A:

A

Hypervitaminosis
Acute - bulging fontanelles, lethargy, drowsiness
Clinical - blurred vision, damaged nerves
Chronic - alopecia, bone and joint pain, photophobia

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5
Q

Why is a excess of vitamin A during pregnancy dangerous?

A

It can lead to neural tube defects

spina bifida, still birth, can increase miscarriages

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6
Q

Some food sources of vitamin A

A

Liver products
whole milk
Pre-packed salad

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7
Q

2 Main sources of vitamin D:

A

Sun

Diet

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8
Q

Name the two types of vitamin D:

A

ergocalciferol

cholecalciferol

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9
Q

What will a deficiency in vitamin D lead to?

A

Rickets in children
Osteomalcia in adults
Osteoporosis - usually in women going through menopause, loss of oestrogen

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10
Q

Who is vulnerable to a vitamin D deficiency

A

Pregnant and lactating women
Breastfed babies
Those of an Asian origin
Aged 65+

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11
Q

Why are pregnant and lactating women at risk of vitamin D deficiency?

A

They need extra vitamin D to provide a store for the baby, for its first few weeks/ months of life

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12
Q

Why are breastfed babies vulnerable to a vitamin D deficiency?

A

Formulae milk is fortified with vitamin D whereas breastmilk does not have vitamin D present

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13
Q

Why are those age 65+ vulnerable to a vitamin D deficiency?

A

They may not get out into the sun as much or may be house bound

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14
Q

Why are those from an Asian origin vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency?

A

There dark skin does not synthesise vitamin D as well

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15
Q

What does an excess in vitamin D lead to?

A

Hypercalcemia
Demineralisation of bones and teeth
diarrhoea, weight loss

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16
Q

Effects of cooking on vitamin D:

A

stable in heat, insoluble in water

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17
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant - protects against free radicals (oxidative damage)
Formation of red blood cells, widens blood vessels
Keep the immune system strong
improves fertility
delay ageing/ improve skin condition

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18
Q

What disease in premature babies can vitamin E prevent?

A

An eye condition - Retrolental Fibroplasia - action of oxygen on developing blood vessels

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19
Q

What can a deficiency in Vitamin E lead to?

A

Muscular wasting
Nerve damage
Reproductive failure
Anaemia

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20
Q

Name 3 food sources of Vitamin E:

A

Oils
Nuts
Seeds

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21
Q

Real name of vitamin E:

A

tocopherol

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22
Q

Effects of cooking on vitamin E:

A

Destroyed in heat, oxygen, freezing, chlorine

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23
Q

Vitamin K functions:

A

formation of blood clotting factors
treatment of excessive menstrual bleeding
therapeutically in haemorrhagic disease of a new born
formation of bone proteins - role in preventing osteoporosis

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24
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K:

Study These Flashcards
A 
Osteoporosis 
chronic diarrhoea 
excessive menstrual bleeding
nose bleeds 
poor blood clotting
25
Food sources of Vitamin K:
Dairy, meat, green leafy veg
26
Vitamin B1 is also known as:
Thiamine
27
Name 3 functions of Vitamin B1:
Normal functioning of the nervous system Releases energy from carbs Use and release of energy from your body
28
What will a deficiency in Vitamin B1 lead to?
Stops glucose being fully oxidised build up of pyruvic acid leads to muscular weakness, heart palpitations, oedema
29
What disease will a deficiency in vitamin B1 lead to?
Beriberi - two types Wet Beriberi - fluid retention leads to oedema Dry Beriberi - emaciation and wastage of tissue
30
Some food sources of vitamin B1:
whole grains fruit nuts
31
Vitamin B2 is also known as:
Riboflavin
32
What are the functions of vitamin B2?
Release energy from carbs, proteins and fats Transport and metabolism of iron Normal structure and function of mucous membranes and the skin
33
What will a deficiency in Vitamin B2 lead to?
Dryness and cracking around the mouth and nose Eyes sensitive to light Magenta tongue (red, sore) Oily dermatitis - nose, cheeks, forehead
34
Cooking losses of riboflavin:
soluble in water, stable in heat
35
Vitamin B3 is also known as:
Niacin
36
What are some functions of vitamin B3?
Release of energy from foods Normal function of skin and mucous membranes Normal functioning of the nervous system
37
What will a deficiency in vitamin B3 lead to?
Pellagra sensitive skin and sometimes looks like sunburn Severe cases - dementia, fatal
38
What will a toxicity in vitamin B2 lead to?
Hyperlipidaemia - flushing, itching of skin, nausea, gastrointestinal disturbances
39
Some food sources of vitamin B2 are:
Meat, Eggs, Dairy products
40
Losses in cooking in vitamin B3:
Niacin is more stable in water than riboflavin
41
What is vitamin B6 also known as?
Pyridoxine
42
What are the 3 forms of vitamin B6?
pyridoxine pyridoxal pyridoxine
43
What are the functions of vitamin B6?
Central role in the metabolism of amino acids involved in breaking down glycogen For the formation of red blood cells Maintenance of normal blood homocysteine levels
44
Some food sources of vitamin B6:
Poultry Milk Eggs White fish
45
What is another name for vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
46
What are the functions of vitamin B12?
Cofactor for enzymes involved in the nervous system Formation of red blood cells metabolism for folate Maintenance of normal blood homocysteine levels
47
What will a deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to?
Chronic inflammation of the stomach lining in older people pernicious anaemia - red blood cells are enlarged, leads to shortness of breath fatigue rapid heart rate
48
Food sources of Vitamin B12:
Meat Liver Milk Eggs
49
What is folate also known as?
Folic acid
50
What are some functions of folate?
Healthy red blood cells normal cell division normal structure of the nervous system Development of neural tube
51
What will a deficiency in folate lead to?
``` Pernicious anaemia - release of an immature red blood cell, normal process of maturation in the bone marrow, Insomnia Depression Irritability Forgetfulness ```
52
Vitamin C is also known as:
Ascorbic Acid
53
What are some functions of vitamin C?
Antioxidant properties Involved in the synthesis of collagen normal structure and functioning of connective tissue - bones, skin, cartilage Normal structure and function of blood vessels Increase in the absorption of non-haem iron
54
What will a deficiency in vitamin C lead to?
Scurvy - bleeding gums, poor wound healing | fatigue, weakness, aching joints,
55
What are some food sources of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits green vegetables tomatoes
56
Losses in cooking:
Readily destroyed during cooking soluble in water readily oxidised
57
Toxicity of vitamin C leads to:
Diarrhoea | Intestinal discomfort
58
Some food sources of folate are?
Green leafy veg, brown rice, peas, oranges

Nutrition and Food Science (15 decks)

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