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ANS 225 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

How many known Vitamins?

A

16

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2
Q

Vitamins are organic substances. This means?

A

They contain a carbon

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3
Q

Why are vitamins added to a diet?

A

The animal cannot make the vitamin or they cannot make a high enough level of it

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4
Q

Antioxidants

A

Substances that help prevent oxidation, may help increase immune function and possibly decrease risk of infection and cancer. Antioxidants exist as vitamins, minerals and other compounds in foods.

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5
Q

Micelles

A

An aggregate or cluster of surfactant molecules, a water-soluble sphere that contains bile acids, FFA, MAG, and lipid-soluble vitamins for transportation within the intestinal lumen.

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6
Q

Monogastric

A

Having a single stomach.

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7
Q

Rumen

A

A large, hollow muscular organ- one of the four stomach compartments of ruminant animals and their major site of microbial digestion.

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8
Q

Vitamin

A

Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods

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9
Q

Two categories of vitamins

A

Fat soluble (A,D,E,& K)
Water soluble (All others: c and b complex vitamins)

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10
Q

Fat Soluble

A

Vitamins are absorbed together with fat from the intestine into the circulation.

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11
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble

A

Vitamins A,D,E, &K

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12
Q

Can fat soluble vitamins be stored?

A

Yes, even for long periods of time (Months)

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13
Q

How are Fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Intact, meaning they do not need to be digested

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14
Q

How do FSV (Fat soluble vitamins)get absorbed into the body?

A

Entering lymph system first via chylomicrons

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15
Q

Where is vitamin A found?

A

Only in Animal tissue, plants do not contain any.

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16
Q

If plants do not contain Vit. A what do they contain?

A

Carotene

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17
Q

What is Carotene used for?

A

The body breaks it down and forms vit. A

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18
Q

Vitamin A is also called?

A

Retinol

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19
Q

What are the benefits of adequate levels of vit A?

A

-Aid night vision (by strengthening light receptor pigments in the eye)
-Strengthen epithelial tissue maintenance (skin and other epithelial tissue)
-Enable bone growth

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Vit. A?

A

-Reproductive problems (so vitamin A is often added to feed or injected annually into breeding animals)
-Stunted growth
-“night blindness” (inability to see well in low-light situations)

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21
Q

What are good sources of Carotene?

A

Pasture grasses, hay (Still green and not stored too long), corn

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22
Q

Good sources of Vit. A

A

Animal Liver tissue

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23
Q

Why should you not consume polar bear liver to obtain daily Vit. A?

A

They have such a high fat content that their liver has a lot of Vit. A. Since vitamin A is toxic in high doses a polar bear liver can be highly toxic.

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24
Q

What id vit D involved in?

A

calcium absorption and utilization

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25
Q

Two vitamin D forms

A

Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3

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26
Q

Vitamin D2 is found in…

A

only plants

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27
Q

Vitamin D3 is found in….

A

Only animal Tissues

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28
Q

What animal must consume vitamin D3

A

Birds, they cannot convert D2 into D3

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29
Q

What form of vitamin D do mammals need to consume?

A

Either form as their bodies can convert D2 to D3

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30
Q

When do animals make vitamin D?

A

When skin is exposed to UV light. The cells make vitamin D from a type of cholesterol

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31
Q

What animal cannot make their own vitamin D?

A

Dog and Cats. Due to high activity of a certain enzyme

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32
Q

Vitamin D deficiency symptoms

A

-Rickets in young animals (bowlegged due to soft bones because they can’t absorb calcium from the diet)
-Weak bones in older animals (same reason)
-Poor eggshells from laying hens (same reason)

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33
Q

Good sources of vitamin D

A

-Exposure to sunlight (only takes ~15 minutes per day depending on the species)
-Sun-cured hays
-Cod liver oil
-Synthetic vitamin D that has been manufactured to be put into vitamin supplements

34
Q

Vitamin E and what work together as antioxidants

A

Selenium

35
Q

Adding vitamin E into feed does what?

A

Has the vitamin serve as an antioxidant (preservative)

36
Q

Functions of Vitamin E

A

Important in muscle structure
Important in reproduction
Serves as an antioxidant in the body

37
Q

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

A

-White muscle disease in lambs, calves, and zoo animals has been seen (weak young animals with pale colored muscle).
-Reproductive failure (very expensive in a breeding herd!)
-Retained placenta in cattle is associated with low vitamin E and selenium in the diet.

38
Q

What does Vitamin K serve as?

A

A cofactor in normal clotting of blood

39
Q

what is one factor that can interfere with vitamin K inside body

A

the presence of antinutritional factor called coumarin

40
Q

Where is Coumarin found

A

sweet clover

41
Q

Is coumarin the same thing as a toxin?

A

No

42
Q

what is a toxin that has the same affects as coumarin?

A

Warfarin, found in rat poison

43
Q

Good sources of vitamin K

A

Most animal feeds
bacteria in the ruminant GI tract

44
Q

Can water soluble vitamins be stored?

A

No, and must be provided in daily diet

45
Q

Extra water soluble vitamins are excreted where?

A

Through urine

46
Q

is there a single vitamin B?

A

No, but not all vit. Bs have a number

47
Q

Example of vitamin B without number

A

Folacin (Folate or Folic acid)

48
Q

where can vitamin b be synthesized?

A

Microbes in the rumen and the cecum

49
Q

What can rumen microbes make?

A

All B Vitamins

50
Q

What is Vitamin B1

A

Thiamin

51
Q

Where is thiamin found?

A

in animal feeds

52
Q

What enzyme destroys thiamin?

A

Thiaminase

53
Q

How is there a thiamin deficiency?

A

Due to the enzyme thiaminase

54
Q

How do we make thiaminase more active?

A

By freezing the food item containing thiamine

55
Q

What is Beri-beri?

A

Thiamine deficiency in humans. This means an enlarged heart, numb extremities

56
Q

What is Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

Thiamine deficiency in humans. This is a condition of mental confusion.

57
Q

Vitamin B2 is

A

Riboflavin

58
Q

Riboflavin deficiency results

A

-Reduced growth rate
-reproductive failure in sows
-“curled toe paralysis” in birds
-Vision & eye abnormalities

59
Q

What are some good sources of riboflavin?

A

-Green forages
-milk
-meat/fish meal

60
Q

What is Niacin?

A

A type of B-vitamin

61
Q

where is Niacin found?

A

Found in grains

62
Q

Why are livestock given niacin vitamin premix?

A

Niacin found in grain is not readily available to the livestock.

63
Q

Deficiency of niacin acid leads to

A

-Reduced growth (diarrhea, vomiting, etc.)
-Dermatitis (skin problems)
-Pellagra is the most common concern

64
Q

What is Pantothenic acid?

A

A b-vitamin

65
Q

Deficiencies of pantothenic acid

A

Reduced growth
loss of hair
dermatitis and skin lesions
fatty liver

66
Q

What is Vitamin B-12?

A

Cobalamin

67
Q

Where does cobalamin get its name?

A

from having cobalt in the substance

68
Q

Where is vitamin B12 or cobalamin found?

A

in animal tissues and in microbes

69
Q

Where does cobalamin deficiencies occurs?

A

Pigs and poultry

70
Q

Deficiencies in vitamin B12 leads to

A

reproductive failure in sows and eggs that don’t hatch from breeding hens

71
Q

What is Biotin?

A

A B-vitamin

72
Q

How does a biotin deficiency come about?

A

By consuming raw egg whites. As they contain a substance that makes biotin unavailable.

73
Q

What is Choline

A

A B Vitamin or a pseudovitamin

74
Q

When may choline deficiency occur?

A

It may occur dur pregnancy in swine and poultry

75
Q

What are the results of a chloline deficiency?

A

reproductive failure in swine
slipped tendon in poultry, makes it impossible to walk

76
Q

What are other B-complex vitamins?

A

Folacin
Pyridoxine (B6)
Inositol
PABA

77
Q

What is Folacin deficiency results?

A

deficiency signs are reduced growth, reduced reproductive performance (and possible birth defects), and increased folacin seems to help immune functions.

78
Q

What is pyridoxine (B6)?

A

a coenzyme and can affect growth hormones, insulin and sex hormones

79
Q

What are deficiency signs of pyridoxine (B6)?

A

Neurological (convulsions) or skin related

80
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes?

A

Scurvy (usually shown as edema, weight loss, emaciation and diarrhea and eventually leading to severe structural defects)

81
Q

Who can synthesize vitamin c?

A

Most mammalian species and avian species

82
Q

Who cannot synthesize vitamin c?

A

humans, many non-human primates and guinea pigs

ANS 225 (9 decks)

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