Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Is a vitamin a good solution for health problems?
A
not really, however they cant hurt to take
2
Q
What is the best source of vitamins and minerals?
A
natural foods
it is unnecessary to take vitamins and minerals with a good diet
3
Q
What are some reasons that individuals take vitamins?
A
dietary insurance (usually overkill)
for energy (psychological)
prevent illness (not really true)
specific medical reasons (for eyes)
4
Q
What is the exception to the rule that natural is better than synthetic?
A
Vitamin B12
5
Q
Why is B12 the exception to the rule of natural>synthetic?
A
B12 is cleaved to proteins, stomach acid removes B12 from the protein, and as we age we tend to have less stomach acid
6
Q
What are some situations where an individual is actually in need of vitamins?
A
impoverished
alcoholism
pregnancy/lactation
intense dieting
elderly
7
Q
What is the automatic suggestion for vitamin D supplementation when a child is breast-fed? What about a formula-fed infant?
A
400IU
None
8
Q
What is the dosage of vitamin D supplementation for an infant who lives in northern areas from October through April?
A
doubled what the regular amount is
800IU in breast-fed
400IU in formula-fed
9
Q
How much vitamin D is in one drop of Ddrops?
A
400IU
10
Q
How much iron is needed in infants up to 6 months?
A
not needed, enough stores at birth
11
Q
True or false: a pharmacist can assess whether or not an infant needs an iron supplement
A
false
this is an MD assessment
12
Q
How should iron be consumed for an infant after 6 months of age?
A
iron-enriched cereals
13
Q
What schedule is Pediafer?
A
Schedule II
always directed by a doctor
14
Q
What is the general consensus around vit/min supplementation for children?
A
natural is always the best way to go, try get vitamins and minerals from food sources
15
Q
What is the RDA of vitamin D for infants (0-12 months)?
A
400IU
16
Q
Until what age do we double vitamin D dosage in northern areas?
A
0-6 months
17
Q
What is the RDA of Vit D for ages 1-70? Elders? Pregnancy+lactation?
A
600IU
800IU
600IU
18
Q
Which fat-soluble vitamin are we most concerned about in terms of toxicity?
A
D
19
Q
What is the issue with gummy or chewable vitamins?
A
less nutrients are packed in compared to an adult vitamin
20
Q
What is the importance of calcium intake in young girls?
A
early calcium load is good because most bone material is formed at 30 years old
21
Q
What are the two minerals we should be concerned about in young girls?
A
calcium and iron
22
Q
What is the importance of iron intake in young girls?
A
monthly loss due to menstruation
23
Q
Do most adults need a vitamin?
A
people who use them, likely do not need them
still help pick one
24
Q
In general, what is the greatest source of vitamin D?
A
the sun, not very many foods are great sources
25
When one is consistently using sunscreen, what should an individual take to ensure they are getting adequate vitamin D?
a vitamin D supplement as sunscreen can block the bio-activation process of making vitamin D
26
What is the main function of vitamin D?
calcium homeostasis and bone health
27
True or false: vitamin D toxicity is common
false, it is extremely rare
28
What are some reasons that an elder takes a vit/min?
lower appetite
eat less
health status
changing needs
29
Which two vits/mins do seniors need more of?
calcium and vitamin D (not significantly more)
30
Which vitamin stays constant in the amount needed throughout life?
B12 (2.4ug)
2.4ug is the amount needed to live
31
At what age should we start using synthetic B12 and why?
Age 50 due to reduced stomach acid
32
Is B12 virtually non-toxic?
yes
33
Is sub-lingual B12 better than the oral version?
no extra value, only increased price
34
What is pretty much always the automatic supplement recommendation for pregnancy?
Materna
35
What is the goal of Materna?
folic acid delivery system
folate must be in the mothers system pre-conception to prevent neural tube defects
36
Which are the four big vit/min concerns for pregnancy?
iron, folate, calcium, vitamin D
37
What are the amounts of iron, folate, calcium, and vitamin D needed during pregnancy?
Iron: 18mg--->27mg
Folate: 400ug--->400ug supp before + during preg
Calcium: 1000mg--->no change, unless high risk (+300mg)
Vitamin D: 600IU--->no change
38
When is 5mg of folic acid typically used in pregnancy?
high-risk pregnancies, pediatrician recommended
39
Which vit/min usually gets the blame for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy? Which vit/min is most likely causing these symptoms?
iron
most likely the B vitamins
40
Which item has by-passed the OTC world and become a prescription to allow for insurance usage?
PregVit (due to having folate content greater than 1mg)
41
Which defect are we trying to prevent by using folic acid?
spina bifida (neural tube doesnt close or develop properly)
42
When is folic acid usage the best?
pre-conception (3 months)
43
What is the goal of a multivitamin?
fill in nutritional gaps
44
What is the RDA of calcium in ages 19-50? Does the RDA differ drastically for children and elders?
1000mg
no it does not differ drastically, only a couple hundred mg difference
45
What is the UL for calcium?
2500mg
46
Is calcium relatively side effect free? If we were to see side effects after passing the UL, what is the most likely side effect that we see?
yes it is relatively side effect free
possibly some constipation
47
Do we have to take calcium at a specific time of day? What about vitamin D?
no both can be taken at any time of day
vitamin D will figure it out and find a way to get the calcium in the body
48
Why is it not ideal to take 1000mg of calcium in one sitting?
we can only absorb 500mg at once
if we take 1000mg in a meal then we only absorb half
49
How much calcium is usually in a tablet? What about multivitamins?
500mg
usually 2-3x less in a multivitamin
50
What is the most common salt of calcium?
calcium carbonate
51
True or false: calcium should be taken with food
true
stomach acid is very helpful
52
What is the most elemental salt of calcium?
calcium carbonate (40%)
53
What is special about these calciums: coral, chelated, natural source, Dolomite
NOTHING
often just lactate and gluconate with a fancy name
MORE $$
54
What are the three salts of calcium that are price wise and work totally fine?
carbonate (40%)
gluconate (9%)
lactate (13%)
55
Are Rolaids and Tums fine sources of calcium?
yes
56
What salt is Citrical? How elemental is it?
calcium citrate
20%
57
Can you take calcium carbonate as a PPI user or an elder?
yes BUT take the calc carb at meal time so that acid levels are elevated
58
Who uses Citrical?
PPI users
elderly taking without food
59
Which calcium should you use if you DO NOT take calcium at meal time?
citrical (requires less dissolution from stomach acid)
60
What are the best drivers of good bone health?
calcium and weight-bearing exercise
61
How are magnesium and calcium somewhat "counteracting"?
magnesium causes diarrhea and calcium causes constipation
62
Why do people think that taking a tonic will increase their energy?
because they contain B vitamins=completely psychological
63
What is the most available and accessible version of iron? Where do we get it from?
heme
from meat
64
What is the RDA of iron for females?
15mg-teens
18mg-adults
65
If we want more iron, how should we get it?
diet
66
Name the salt of iron that matches each colour: blue, red, green. What is the availability of each?
blue=ferrous fumarate (33%)
red=ferrous sulfate (20%)
green=ferrous gluconate (12%)
67
What colour is the Wampole version of ferrrous fumarate?
red
68
If the MD or patient does not mention a preference, which iron should we start the patient on?
ferrous sulfate
69
How much iron can you absorb when you are iron deficient? What about when we have plenty of iron?
20%
10%
70
What can lead to decreased iron absorption? What can increase iron absorption?
decrease: food, protein, calcium, antacids, coffee/tea
increase: vitamin C (to an extent)
71
Even though food can decrease the absorption of iron, why do we still recommend to take food with iron?
food is good to help the patient tolerate the iron
72
How long does it take for symptoms of iron deficiency to be relieved?
2-3 weeks
73
True or false: when taking iron supp, you must take it once a day
false
you can do every other day if you do not tolerate it well
74
What does dark stool possibly mean?
unabsorbed iron
or blood loss up top due to blood being digested
75
What is the UL for iron?
45mg
76
What is the RDA of iron for men?
8mg
77
Why is slow-release not a good design for iron?
iron is best absorbed quickly in the gut
78
True or false: vit/min supps show strong value in reducing mortality, cancer, and CV disease
false
79
What was the old use of niacin?
it was used in controlling cholesterol
"the poor mans statin"
80
True or false: the amide component of niacinamide and nicotinamide has clinical value
false
81
What is AMD?
age-related macular degeneration
82
True or false: AMD is not reversible
true
83
What are the eye vitamins for AMD?
AREDS
84
Can the levels of agents in AREDS be captured by diet alone?
no
85
What does a vitamin need to have the 1/4 chance of preventing the advanced stage of AMD?
AREDS or AREDS2
86
What is the RDA for magnesium?
320-420mg
87
What is magnesium likely used for?
heart health
leg cramps
bone health
depression
anti-constipation
88
What is the RDA for potassium?
4700mg
89
Why is Ensure/Boost so good?
100% nutrition
has all the carbs, proteins, fats, vits/mins to keep you sustained
90
Why is Glucerna marketed towards diabetics?
it contains complex carbs that are less likely to lead to glucose spikes
it replaces fast-acting carbs for slow-acting carbs
91
What are some roles of vitamin C?
synthesis of collagen
wound healing
antioxidant
92
What are the RDAs of vitamin C for males and females?
males: 90mg
females: 75mg
93
What are the best sources of vitamin C?
fruits (citrus) and vegetables
94
What is the RDA of vitamin E?
22.4IU
95
What are some sources of vitamin E?
nuts, seeds, vegetable oils
96
What is the RDA of vitamin K?
90-120ug
97
Role of vitamin K?
helping the blood clot
98
What are sources of vitamin K?
leafy greens, our bacteria
99
Which vitamin can screw with the activity of warfarin?
K
100
In general, are vitamin interactions a serious concern?
no
101
What could happen if you take both a multivitamin and mineral oil at night?
the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) could leach into the mineral oil and be leached out, this is not a big problem
102
At what dose could vitamin E have an interaction with warfarin?
400IU (this wont happen with a multivitamin)
103
Which minerals can leach to tetracycline?
Ca and Fe
this makes tetracycline less effective
104
How could antacids effect the absorption of Fe?
stomach acid is helpful in dissociating Fe, so antacids can prevent this
105
What is the effect of corticosteroids on calcium?
corticosteroids can leach Ca out of the bones
106
Should you be taking a potassium supplement when on a diuretic? Should this potassium be Rx or OTC level?
yes because you look some K with diuretics
Rx level
107
True or false: oral vitamin A has a different effect on acne compared to topical retinoids
false, same effect
108
What kind of vitamin/mineral deficiency are pharmacists likely to discover?
NONE
clinical intervention is beyond our scope of practice
109
What does the process look like when someone asks about vitamins?
is it for you?
how is your diet?
are you concerned about any particular vitamin or mineral?
is this MD warranted?
110
What is probably the best recommendation you can make when someone wants a multivitamin?
pick the one with the most ingredients
this will cover all bases, we are guessing for dietary assurance
111
If an infant is put on Pediafer, how much iron are they taking in?
15mg (only taking Pediafer when deemed deficient)
112
What is the UL of vitamin D for infants (0-6mo) and children & adults?
1000IU
4000IU
113
What are the RDAs of calcium and vitamin D for the following age groups: 31-50, 51-70, >70
31-50: calcium 1000mg, vit d 600IU
51-70: calcium 1200mg, vit d 600IU
>70: calcium 1200mg, vit d 800IU
114
Do seniors who take a multivitamin need to take separate vitamin D and calcium?
vitamin D: no, MV has plenty
calcium: if they have no calcium in their diet, a separate tablet might be a good idea
115
Health Canada states that a pregnancy supp should contain ___mg of ___
16-20mg of iron
116
How long should a folic acid supp be taken for pre-conception, pregnancy, and post-delivery?
pre-conception: 3 months
pregnancy: duration
post-delivery: 6 weeks
117
True or false: it is easy to get the 0.4mg of folate needed per day via natural foods
false
118
How much calcium is in one cup of milk?
300mg
119
List the most common forms of calcium and how elemental each is.
calcium carbonate 40%
calcium lactate 13%
calcium gluconate 9%
120
FeraMax contains 150mg elemental iron. Who probably needs this?
iron-deficient ppl
121
List food sources for the following: calcium, magnesium, iron
calcium: dairy products, fortified OJ, salmon, sardines
magnesium: legumes, nuts, whole grains, dark green veg
iron: meat, fish, poultry, whole grains
122
Differentiate between dry and wet AMD.
dry type: like cholesterol in the eye, has the stages of early-intermediate-advanced
wet type: vascular tissues are deficient and leak out serum and blood into macular area, automatically advanced
123
True or false: the 500mg tablet of magnesium is likely to cause diarrhea
false
the starting dose for diarrhea is around 1g
124
What is the function of vitamin E?
antioxidant
125
What is the RDA (19-50yrs) for vitamin A?
men: 3000IU
women: 2333IU
126
What is the role of vitamin A?
vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division
127
What are some sources of vitamin A?
liver, fish oils, whole milk, eggs
128
What is the general function of vitamins B1-6
enzyme function in the metabolism of macros
129
What are sources of B12? Function?
meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, poultry
red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, neurological function
