Vitamins B, C

Question 1

how are vitamins different from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

Answer 1

• structure: vitamins are individual proteins

- function: vitamins do not yield energy

Question 2

the rate or extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Answer 2

bioavailability

Question 3

factors that affect a vitamin’s bioavailability

Answer 3

• efficiency of digestion and time in the GI tract
• previous nutrient intake and nutrition status
• method of food preparation
• source of nutrients
• other foods consumed at the same time

Question 4

precursors

Answer 4

• inactive form of vitamins: pro-vitamins

- activates once inside the body

Question 5

two types of vitamins

Answer 5

• Water soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C

- Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin A,D,E, and K

Question 6

Describe water soluble vitamins

• absorption
• transport
• storage
• excretion
• toxicity
• requirement

Answer 6

• Directly in the blood
• travel freely
• circulate the body
• excreted through the kidneys
• possible toxicity when consumed through supplements
• frequent (1 to 3 days)

Question 7

Describe Fat soluble vitamins

• absorption
• transport
• storage
• excretion
• toxicity
• requirement

Answer 7

• absorbed through the lymph first and then the blood
• many require transport proteins
• they are stored in cells associated in with fat (adipose tissue)
• less readily excreted. usually stored in fat tissue
• possibly toxic when consumed through supplements
• need periodically since it is stored in the body

Question 8

What is the main role of B vitamins?

Answer 8

Help the body use fuel from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Question 9

Vitamin part of the coenzym TPP (coenzyme that participates in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA)

Answer 9

Thiamin

Question 10

Thiamin deficiency can cause?

Answer 10

-Beriberi
(dry and wet)
-enlarged heart
-cardiac failure
-muscle weakness
-short term memory
-confusion
-anorexia
-weight loss

Question 11

Dry beriberi symptoms

Answer 11

damage to the nervous system

muscle weakness in arms and legs

Question 12

wet beriberi symptoms

Answer 12

damage to the cardiovascular system
dilated blood vessels causing heart to work harder
kidneys retain salt causing edema

Question 13

sources for thiamin

Answer 13

• whole-grain
• fortified or enriched grain products
• lean pork chop
• soy milk
• squash and acorn

Question 14

with a coenzyme form of FAD and FMN (Picks up electrons in TCA cycle and delivers it to electron Transport chain

Answer 14

Riboflavin

Question 15

Riboflavin deficiency can cause?

Answer 15

• inflammation of the mouth,skin, eyes, and GI tract
• sore throat
• cracks and redness of corneas of the mouth
• purplish red tongue
• skin lesions

Question 16

Food sources for Riboflavin

Answer 16

• Milk product (yogurt and cheese)
• whole grain
• fortified or enriched grain products\
• liver
• mushroom
• broccoli

Question 17

a coenzyme for of NAD and NADP which can carry hydrogen and its electron in TCA cycle

Answer 17

Niacin

Question 18

Deficiency disorders of Niacin

Answer 18

-Pellagra
(4 D's)
-Diarrhea
-dementia
-dermatitis
-death
depression
inflamed tongue
rash

Question 19

Toxicity of niacin

Answer 19

Niacin flush
nausea
vomiting
impaired glucose tolerance

Question 20

Niacin food sources

Answer 20

• meat
• eggs
• poultry
• fish
• milk
• wholegrain, fortified or enriched grain products
• nuts

Question 21

Delivers carbon to 3-carbon pyruvate which replenishes the oxaloacetate that would keep TCA cycle going

Answer 21

Biotin

Question 22

Biotin deficiency

Answer 22

• skin rash
• hair loss
• neurological impairment
• depression
• lethargy
• hallucination
• tingling

Question 23

biotin food source

Answer 23

• synthesized by gi tract bacteria
• widespread in food
• egg yolk
• liver
• soy beans
• fish
• whole grain, fortified or enriched grain products

Question 24

part of coenzyme A (CoA)

Answer 24

Pantothenic acid

Question 25

pantothenic acid deficiency

Answer 25

- failure of all body's systems - fatigue - distress - neurological disturbance - irritability - restlessness - apathy - insulin sensitivity - inability to walk - muscle and stomach cramps

Question 26

food sources of pantothenic acid

Answer 26

- widespread in foods - chicken - beef - potatoes - oats - tomatoes - broccoli - liver - egg yolk - whole grains

Question 27

can be converted to coenzyme PLP valuable in protein and urea metabolism participates in synthesis of heme, nucleic acids, and lecithin

Answer 27

Vitamin B6

Question 28

vitamin B6 deficiency

Answer 28

- neurotransmitter deminishes - depression - confusion - abnormal brain wave patterns and convulsions - anemia - dermatitis

Question 29

Vitamin B6 toxicity

Answer 29

- neurological damage - depression - fatigue - irritability - nerve damage - skin lesions

Question 30

Food sources for vitamin b6

Answer 30

- meat - fish - poultry - potatoes - legumes - noncitrus fruits - cereal - liver - soy products

Question 31

- converts vitamin B12 to its coenzyme form - synthesizes the DNA required for rapidly growing cells - regenerates the amino acid methionine from homocysteine - help protect against neural tube defects and heart disease

Answer 31

Folate

Question 32

Folate deficiency

Answer 32

- anemia - smooth red tongue - confusion - weakness - fatigue - irritability - shortness of breath - high homocysteine

Question 33

toxicity of folate

Answer 33

can mask vitamin b12 deficiency

Question 34

food sources of folate

Answer 34

``` fortified grains leafy green vegetable legumes seeds liver ```

Question 35

Activates folate regeneration of methionine and synthesis of DNA and RNA maintains the sheath the protects the nerve fibers bone cell activity and metabolism

Answer 35

vitamine B12

Question 36

B12 deficeincy can be caused by

Answer 36

inadequate absorption due to lack of hydrochloric acid or lack of intrinsic factor (atrophic gastritis)

Question 37

B12 deficiency

Answer 37

Pernicious anemia - anemia - fatigue - degeneration of peripheral nervous system causing paralysis - constipation

Question 38

sources of B12

Answer 38

-Animal food -meat -fish -poultry -shellfish -milk eggs -cereal

Question 39

what can cause B6 deficiency

Answer 39

alcohol and isoniazid

Question 40

used to make acetylcholine and lecithin | in fetal development, supports structure and function of brain and spinal cord

Answer 40

cholin

Question 41

deficiency of cholin

Answer 41

liver damage

Question 42

toxicity of choline

Answer 42

``` body odor sweating salivation reduced growth rate low blood pressure liver damage ```

Question 43

food sources for choline

Answer 43

milk liver eggs peanuts

Question 44

protects tissue against freeradicals as antioxidants helps form collagen as a cofactor treatment and prevention of the common cold

Answer 44

Vitamin C

Question 45

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 45

``` bleeding gums pinpoint hemorrhages scurvy muscle degeneration scaly and dry skin wound fail to scar and heal properly bones become soft and malformed ```

Question 46

Vitamin C toxicity

Answer 46

``` nausea diarrhea fatigue insomnia rashes interference with medical tests kidney stones ```

Question 47

Food sources for vitamin C

Answer 47

- citrus fruits - cabbage type vegetable like cauliflower - dark green vegetables like spinach and broccoli - lettuce - tomatoes - mangoes - potatoes