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Sparkling Wine > Viticulture for Sparkling Wine Production: A Review > Flashcards

Viticulture for Sparkling Wine Production: A Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main factors influencing fruit quality at harvest for sparkling wine production?

A

Factors include variety, clone, planting density, pruning method, local climate and soils, and climate warming.

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2
Q

How does viticultural management for sparkling wines compare to that for table wines?

A

Viticultural management for sparkling wines is generally less intensive than for table wines.

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3
Q

What are the desired fruit quality parameters for sparkling wine production?

A

Lower pH, higher titratable acidity, and lower soluble sugars than table wines.

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4
Q

What is the role of canopy management in sparkling wine production?

A

Canopy management can optimize fruit quality by altering cluster temperature and light exposure.

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5
Q

In Champagne, how is the harvest date determined?

A

The harvest date is decided by the National Institute of Appellation of Origin (INAO), which samples every three to four days.

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6
Q

What are the typical sugar concentration, total acidity, and pH for sparkling wine grapes?

A

Typically, around 9% alcohol (v/v), 12 g/L tartaric acid, and pH 2.9.

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7
Q

Which grape varieties are primarily used for sparkling wine production in Champagne?

A

Chardonnay, Pinot noir, and Pinot Meunier.

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8
Q

What is a ‘Blanc de Blancs’ sparkling wine?

A

A sparkling wine made only from white grapes, typically Chardonnay.

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9
Q

What is a ‘Blanc de Noirs’ sparkling wine?

A

A sparkling wine made only from dark-skinned grapes, typically Pinot noir and/or Pinot Meunier.

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10
Q

What grape varieties were evaluated for high-quality sparkling wines in Spain?

A

Verdejo, Viura (Macabeo), Malvasia, Albarin, Godello, Garnacha, and Prieto Picudo.

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11
Q

True or False: Sugar concentration is a principal criterion for determining harvest dates for sparkling wine.

A

True

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12
Q

What impact do different grape varieties have on sparkling wine?

A

They influence the character, aroma profiles, and foaming properties of the finished wines.

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13
Q

What are the three main factors influencing the character of sparkling wines?

A

Grape variety, vineyard location, and yeast autolysis.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The desired acidity for sparkling wine production is _____ g/L tartaric acid.

A

12

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15
Q

Which clones of Chardonnay are available in Champagne for sparkling wine production?

A

Clones 75, 76, 95, 96, and 121.

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16
Q

What is the significance of clonal evaluations in sparkling wine production?

A

Clonal performance varies by location, affecting yield and fruit quality.

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17
Q

What is the typical alcohol level desired for sparkling wine production?

A

~10 to 11% (v/v) alcohol.

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18
Q

How do harvest dates vary among clones of Pinot noir in California?

A

There can be a 15-day difference in harvest dates among different clones.

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19
Q

What are the main attributes contributed by Chardonnay, Pinot noir, and Pinot Meunier to sparkling wines?

A
  • Finesse and elegance (Chardonnay) * Body (Pinot noir) * Fruitiness and roundness (Pinot Meunier)
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20
Q

What is the impact of yeast strain on sparkling wine production?

A

Yeast strain influences autolytic development and sensory properties.

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21
Q

What are the challenges currently faced in sparkling wine production?

A

Increasing mechanization and the effects of climate warming on fruit quality.

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22
Q

What are the typical characteristics of grapes harvested for sparkling wine?

A

Lower sugar levels, higher acidity, and distinct flavor profiles.

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23
Q

What was highlighted about the performance of clones under different conditions?

A

Clones perform differently under different conditions.

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24
Q

In a study in California, how did differences among clones of Pinot noir compare to clones of Chardonnay?

A

Differences among clones of Pinot noir were reported to be greater.

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25
What factors contributed to differences in yield among clones?
Cluster weight and cluster number.
26
In a California study, what aspects did six Chardonnay clones differ in?
Yield, cluster size, berries per cluster, and yield to pruning weight ratio.
27
How many Chardonnay clones were studied in another California research?
13 Chardonnay clones.
28
What were the origins of the Chardonnay clones studied?
Two of California origin and 11 of French origin.
29
What implications does clonal selection have for sparkling wine production?
Adequate yields and sugar:acid characters.
30
What regulations control vine density and pruning systems in Champagne?
Legislated and controlled by the INAO since 1938.
31
What is the maximum sum of the distance between rows and vines allowed in Champagne?
Less than 2.5 m.
32
What effect does high planting density have on fruit maturity?
Stimulates root competition and reduces vegetative growth.
33
What misconception regarding vine spacing and wine quality was addressed?
That closely spaced grapevines are necessary for high-quality wine.
34
What are the permitted pruning systems in Champagne?
Chablis, Royat, Guyot, and Vallée de la Marne.
35
Which pruning systems are permitted for Champagne Grands Crus?
Chablis and Royat.
36
What was found regarding vine spacing and crop potential in Barbera?
Similar crop potential and quality expression can be achieved across different training systems.
37
What training system resulted in inferior quality for Pinot noir?
Vertically split double Guyot.
38
What was the impact of mechanical pruning on Pinot noir aroma?
Reduced aroma intensity.
39
What effect does canopy management have on berry attributes?
Can manipulate key berry attributes at harvest.
40
What was the result of leaf removal on Pinot noir berry phenolics?
Increased by divided canopies.
41
What effect does shading have on grape sugar levels?
Typically reduces sugar levels.
42
What is a potential benefit of early leaf removal?
Improved quality traits and increased soluble solids.
43
What harvesting method is mandated in Champagne?
Hand harvesting only.
44
What issue can arise from machine harvesting?
Damage to berries leading to juice oxidation.
45
What is a significant factor influencing the character of sparkling wines?
Vineyard location.
46
What is considered the most important factor affecting quality in Champagne?
Climate.
47
What can adverse weather conditions during the growing season lead to?
Disastrous results for wine quality.
48
What does the relationship between sugar accumulation and temperature indicate?
Temperature influences sugar accumulation in the first two phases of berry growth.
49
What impact does soil type have on grape quality?
Major influence on berry weight and sugar concentration.
50
What relationship exists between water deficit before veraison and grape quality?
Improved grape quality.
51
What major influence was found on berry weight and sugar concentration in table wine varieties?
Soil type ## Footnote Soil type was as important as cultivar for explaining variation in berry sugar and anthocyanin concentration.
52
How does water deficit before veraison affect grape quality?
It improves grape quality indirectly ## Footnote Early water deficit can lead to increased berry sugar and anthocyanin concentrations.
53
What was concluded about the effects of soil on vine development?
They can be largely explained by their influence on vine water status.
54
What types of soils produced wines richer in volatiles according to Coelho et al. (2009)?
Clay-calcareous and clay soils ## Footnote These soils had good water-holding and drainage capacity.
55
What is the prescribed yield for Champagne and cava production?
Yields are regulated by the Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée.
56
True or False: Higher yields are universally accepted for sparkling wine production.
False ## Footnote Higher yields are more accepted in Australia but not regulated.
57
What is the primary aim when choosing bud number per vine?
To achieve balance between vegetative and fruit growth.
58
What effect does the exposed leaf area to fruit ratio have?
It affects the rate of maturation of the fruit.
59
What is the recommended timing for fruit removal in Champagne?
Around veraison.
60
What is a potential consequence of removing 30-50% of fruit?
Could increase potential alcohol between 0.5 and 1.5%.
61
What did studies find about the cost of cluster removal?
The cost outweighed the fruit quality benefits.
62
What were the findings regarding phenolic compounds in sparkling wines from high yielding vineyards?
Higher concentrations compared to low yielding vineyards.
63
What impact does increased crop level have on grape maturity?
It delays maturity.
64
Fill in the blank: Increased crop level in production of grapes for table wine has been shown to delay _______.
maturity.
65
What changes occur due to high yields in grapevines?
Intrinsic changes in soluble solids, organic acids, pH, phenolics, and anthocyanins.
66
What does the maturation index represent?
Balance between sugar and acid.
67
What is a key challenge posed by climate change to sparkling wine production?
Compromising flavor development and high acidity.
68
What effect does elevated temperature have on winegrape phenology?
It progresses more rapidly and grapes ripen earlier.
69
What strategy can be used to delay sugar accumulation in berries?
Mechanical leaf removal post-veraison.
70
What is one of the critical issues regarding climate change in viticulture?
Movement of production to cooler regions.
71
What did studies suggest about cluster thinning and leaf removal?
Cluster thinning increases phenolic levels more effectively.
72
True or False: There is a wealth of research on viticultural practices for sparkling wine.
False.
73
What is the expected trend regarding mechanization in viticulture?
Increase due to reduced labor costs.
74
What is the relationship between yield and fruit composition parameters at harvest?
High yields lead to lower parameters like sugar and acidity.
75
What is the influence of variety and aging on foaming properties of cava?
Variety and aging significantly affect the foaming properties of cava ## Footnote Referenced in Andres-Lacueva et al. (1997)
76
What is the focus of clonal selection in Champagne?
Clonal selection aims to improve grape quality and adaptability in Champagne ## Footnote Detailed in Barillere et al. (1995)
77
What are the long-term performance effects of different training systems on Barbera?
Different training systems and vine spacings influence Barbera's growth and yield ## Footnote Discussed by Bernizzoni et al. (2009)
78
How does temperature affect 'Cabernet Sauvignon' berries?
Temperature impacts the chemical composition of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' berries ## Footnote Buttrose et al. (1971) provide insights on this effect
79
What is the phenolic composition of Champagnes from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir vintages?
Champagnes exhibit varying phenolic compositions based on grape variety and vintage ## Footnote Chamkha et al. (2003) analyzed these differences
80
What effects does the Mèthode Champenoise process have on aroma?
The Mèthode Champenoise process influences the aroma profiles of various V. vinifera varieties ## Footnote Examined by de La Presa-Owens et al. (1998)
81
What are the effects of mechanical thinning on Grenache and Tempranillo varieties?
Mechanical thinning affects fruit and wine composition, as well as sensory attributes ## Footnote Diago et al. (2010) conducted this study
82
What is the significance of phenology and ripening in Vitis vinifera in southern Brazil?
Understanding phenology and ripening is crucial for new wine-growing regions like southern Brazil ## Footnote Research by Gris et al. (2010) highlights these aspects
83
What transformation in pruning systems is discussed by Goma-Fortin et al.?
The transition from traditional to precise mechanical pruning systems is explored ## Footnote Goma-Fortin et al. (2013) detail the agronomic effects
84
What impact does bud number have on grapevines according to Jackson and Steans?
Optimum bud numbers vary depending on grapevine variety ## Footnote Jackson and Steans (1983-1984) discuss this relationship
85
What factors affect grape composition and wine quality?
Environmental and management practices play a significant role in grape composition and wine quality ## Footnote Jackson and Lombard (1993) provide a comprehensive review
86
How do bunch exposure effects influence Pinot Noir and Chardonnay?
Bunch exposure impacts the quality of fruit and base wines for sparkling wine production ## Footnote Kerslake et al. (2013) studied these effects
87
What is the role of training systems in grapevine photosynthesis?
Training systems, canopy management, and rootstock affect grapevine photosynthesis ## Footnote Koblet et al. (1995) analyzed this relationship
88
What effect does Botrytis cinerea infection have on Champagne wine?
Botrytis cinerea infection negatively impacts foaming properties of Champagne wine ## Footnote Marchal et al. (2001) investigated this effect
89
What is the impact of early defoliation on grapevines?
Early defoliation affects yield, fruit composition, and cluster rot in grapevines ## Footnote Sabbatini and Howell (2010) researched these effects
90
Fill in the blank: Elevated temperature decouples _______ and sugars in berries of Shiraz and Cabernet Franc.
anthocyanins ## Footnote Sadras and Moran (2012) found this significant relationship
91
What are the implications of cluster thinning on phenolic composition?
Cluster thinning influences phenolic composition, resveratrol, and antioxidant capacity in wine ## Footnote Prajitna et al. (2007) studied these implications
92
What is the effect of vineyard yield on sparkling wine composition?
Vineyard yield significantly affects the composition of sparkling wines ## Footnote Pozo-Bayon et al. (2004) conducted a detailed analysis
93
What is the focus of S. Howell's 2010 study?
Effects of early defoliation on yield, fruit composition, and harvest season cluster rot complex of grapevines ## Footnote Published in HortScience.
94
What phenomenon does Sadras and Moran's 2012 study address?
Elevated temperature decouples anthocyanins and sugars in berries of Shiraz and Cabernet Franc ## Footnote Published in Aust. J. Grape Wine Res.
95
What does Smart's 1984 work discuss?
Canopy microclimates and effects on wine quality ## Footnote Found in Advances in Viticulture and Oenology for Economic Gain.
96
What are climate drivers of red wine quality according to Soar et al. (2008)?
Climate drivers in four contrasting Australian wine regions ## Footnote Published in Aust. J. Grape Wine Res.
97
What was the impact of early leaf removal studied by Tardaguila et al. (2010)?
Yield and fruit and wine composition of Vitis vinifera L. Graciano and Carignan ## Footnote Published in Am. J. Enol. Vitic.
98
What is the topic of Tassie and Freeman's 2004 chapter?
Pruning in viticulture practices ## Footnote Found in Viticulture, Vol. 2.
99
What environmental effects were studied by Tesic et al. (2002)?
Effects on cv Cabernet Sauvignon grown in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand ## Footnote Published in Aust. J. Grape Wine Res.
100
What does Thibaut and Parsiot's 1994 work define?
Sparkling wine style from a French perspective ## Footnote Included in Sparkling Wine and Quality Management.
101
What factors influence terroir according to van Leeuwen et al. (2004)?
Climate, soil, and cultivar ## Footnote Published in Am. J. Enol. Vitic.
102
What was the focus of Van Zyl and van Huyssteen's 1980 study?
Comparative studies on wine grapes on different trellising systems ## Footnote Published in S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic.
103
What sensory aspect did Verette et al. (1988) investigate?
Hydroxycinnamates of Vitis vinifera and their relation to bitterness in white wines ## Footnote Published in J. Sci. Food. Agric.
104
What trends did Webb et al. (2011) observe?
Trends in winegrape maturity in Australia ## Footnote Published in Global Change Biol.
105
What projections did Webb et al. (2013) make regarding winegrowing regions?
Global climate analogues for future temperature and precipitation ## Footnote Published in Aust. J. Grape Wine Res.
106
What issue did Winkler address in his 1954 study?
Effects of overcropping ## Footnote Published in Am. J. Enol. Vitic.
107
What is the title of Winkler's 1970 publication?
General Viticulture ## Footnote Published by University of California Press.
108
What did Wolpert et al. (1994) study in Napa Valley?
Field performance of six Chardonnay clones ## Footnote Published in Am. J. Enol. Vitic.
109
What does Zoecklein's 2002 review discuss?
Méthode Champenoise Production ## Footnote Published by Virginia Cooperative Extension Service.

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