Vocab 13: Chemical level Organization Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is Chemistry?
A
The science of atomic composition of substances elements and interactions.
2
Q
What is matter?
A
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
3
Q
What is an element?
A
The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties.
4
Q
What are the two categories of elements and what percentage to they make up in the human body?
A
Major elements 99%, Trace elements .1%
5
Q
What is an atom?
A
the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of an element.
6
Q
What is atomic structure?
A
The characteristics of living and nonliving matter results from the structure, organization, and behavior of atoms.
7
Q
What are the 3 parts of an atom?
A
Proton, Electron, Neutrons
8
Q
What is the atomic number?
A
It is the number of protons in each atom, although each atoms number of protons and electrons is equal.
9
Q
What is the mass number of an element (atomic weight?)
A
It is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom.
10
Q
What is a valence electron?
A
the electrons on the outermost shell of an atom.
11
Q
What is an Ion?
A
Electrically neutral because it has an equal number of protons and electrons
12
Q
WHat is an anion?
A
A ion that gains electrons and acquires a negative charge.
13
Q
What is a cation?
A
A ion that loses electron that acquires a positive charge.
14
Q
What is an isotope?
A
2 or more of the same elements or atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.
they may be stable, or have an unsable atomic nuclei
15
Q
What are unstable isotopes called?
A
Radioactive, they release Atomic Radioation.
16
Q
Order radioactive particles from least to most
A
Alpha particles cannot penetrate the skin. Beta particles are harmless outside the body, but dangerous when inside. Gamma particles have high energy and can penetrate the skin.
17
Q
What are electrolytes?
A
Salts that ionize or dissociate in water and form solutions capable of conducting electrical current
18
Q
What is electrolyte imbalance?
A
It leads to muscle cramps, brittle bones and coma and cardiac arrest.
19
Q
What is a Free Radical?
A
A chemical particle with an odd number of electrons. They are produced by the nody by some normal metabolic reactions, bu radiation, and chemicals.
20
Q
What are the detrimental effects of a free radical?
A
- Cancer 2. Myocardial Infraction 3. Death of Heart Tissue 4. Aging.
21
Q
What is an antioxidant?
A
Neutralizes free radicals. Includes Vitamin C + E. Selenium, Carotenoids.
22
Q
What is caused by antioxidant deficiency?
A
Heart attack, muscular dystrophy, decreased Immune system and others.
23
Q
What is a molecule?
A
Formed when two or more particles chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.
24
Q
What is a compound?
A
Formed when two or more locelues of different elements chemically combine.
25
What is molecular formulae?
Representaions used to identify the elements of molecules to show how many atoms of each oare present.
26
What is a chemical bond?
Forces that hold a molecule together or that attracgt molecules to each other.
27
What are the 3 major chemical bonds?
Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen
28
What is an Ionic Bond?
The attraction of a cation to an anion. A weak bond.
29
What is a covalent bond?
When atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. A single covalent bond is the sharing of a single pair of electrons. Symbolized by a single line between atomic symbols. A very strong bond.
30
What is a hydrogen bond?
When positive charged hydrogen atom in on molecule is attracted to the negatively charged oxygen, nitro, or fluorine atom of another molecule.
They can form in different regions of the same molecule esp in proteins or DNA. Causes molecules to fold or coil.
The weakest type of bond.
31
What is a mixture?
Substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.
32
What is a solution?
consists of particles of matter called solute, such as gas, solid or liquid, mixed with a more abundant substance like water called Solvent.
33
What are 3 properties of solutions?
1. particles are under 2 nm in size, solute and solvent are not distinguishable from one another.
2. solute particles will pass through most permeable membranes
3. Solute does not separate from the solvent when the solution is allowed to stand.
34
What is Colloid?
A mixture in which a dispersed substance is distributed throughout throughout dispersing substance. Many go from liquid to gel states. The most colloud in the body is protein.
35
What are 4 properties of colloids?
1. Particles range from 1-100 nm in size
2. Colloids are usually cloudy
3. Particles are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes.
4. Particles to not remain suspended when mixture is left to sit
36
What is suspension?
A mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually phsycically blended together. ex: blood
37
What are 4 properties of a suspension?
1. Particles exceed 100nm in size
2. Large particles render suspensions cloudy or opaque
3. The particles are too large to penetrate selectively permeable membranes
4. The particles are too heavy to remain permanently suspended.
38
What is an emulsion?
A mixture of one liquid in another, such as oil and vinegar.
39
What is Acid?
defined as a proton donor, a molecule that releases proton in water. or, any substance that releases hydrogen ions.
40
What is base?
A proton acceptor and any substance that binds to protons.
41
What is pH?
Acidity is expressed in terms of pH
42
What is Energy?
The capacity to do work, that is to move something.
43
What is Potential energy?
Stored energy that could do work but is not doing so.
44
What is kinetic energy?
an energy of motion that actually does work and moves matters.
45
What is chemical energy?
It is a type of potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Electrical energy can also be chemical.
46
What are 2 types of kinetic energy?
Heat and Electrical.
47
What is a chemical reaction?
When a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken.
48
What is a decomposition reaction?
A reaction in which large molecule or reactant breaks down into two or more smaller ones
49
What is a synthesis reaction?
It is a reaction in which two or more smaller molecules combine to form a large one.
50
What is a reversible reaction?
A chemical reaction in which the reaction can process from reactants to products or form products to reactant.
51
How does concentration affect reaction rates?
Increases reaction rate when the reactants are more concentrate because molecules are crowded and collide more often.
52
How does temperature affect reaction rates?
Increases reaction rate as the temperature increases. Heat causes molecules to move rapidly and collide with great force and frequency.
53
How does a catalyst affect reaction rates?
A catalyst is a substance that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted, such as enzymes.
54
What is metabolism?
The sum of the chemical reactions occuring in the body.
55
What is anabolism?
All the synthesis reactions that convert small molecules into large ones.
56
What is endergonic vs exergonic reaction?
```
endergonic = requires energy input
exergonic = releases energy input
```
anabolism requires energy and is driven by the exergonic reaction of catabolism.
57
What is Catabolism?
The decomposition reactions that occur in the body or those reactions that convert large molecules into small ones.
58
What is oxidation?
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy. requires oxygen.
59
What is reduction?
A chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy. When a molecule accepts electrons, it is sad to be reduced.
60
What is an inorganic compound?
Does not contain carbon, such as water, oxygen, EXCEPT carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and bicarbonate ion and inorganic salts. They release ions in water.
61
What is an organic compound?
Contain carbon and hydrogen. Ex: lipids proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids. They do not release ions in water.
62
What is the role of water in living organism?
It is the most abundant compound in living materal. Plasma is 92% water. Most metabolic reactions occur in water. Water transports chemicals within the body and absorbs and transports heat.
63
What is the role of oxygen in the body?
Organelles use oxygen to release energy from nutrient molecules such as glucose and released energy is used to drive he cells metabolic activities.
64
What is carbon dioxide's role in the body?
It is produced when organic molecules such as glucose are metabolized. It is then released through the lungs in the respiratory system. If it accumulates in the cells it becomes toxic.
65
What is the role of Inorganic salts within the body?
Maintain proper water concentrations in body fluids, ph, blood clotting, bone development, energy transfer within cells and muscle and nerve functions. Electrolytes are salts that when in water capable of conducting the electrical currents of the nervous system.
66
What is organic chemistry?
The study of compounds of carbon.
67
What are the 4 major groups of organic molecules essential to living organisms?
1. lipids 2. carbohydrates 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids
68
What are monomers?
repepiritve series of identical or similar subinits that form polymers.
69
What is deyhydration vs hydrolysis?
dehydration= gives off water
| hydrolysis=H2O is needed
70
What is carbohydrate?
composed of carbon, hydrogen, water
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Carbohydrates are rapidly ______, the RDA is ______m
oxidized, 125-175 grams
72
What is a monosaccharides
simple sugars. includes glucose, or blood sugar.
73
what is disaccharides. Name 3 examples.
2 simple sugars bound together by dehydration reaction. sucrose, lactose, maltose.
74
What are polysaccharides
Composed of many mono saccharides, bound together to form long chains.
75
What are 3 examples of polysaccharides
1. Glycogen 2. Starch (plant, digestible) 3. Cellulose (plant, not digestible)
76
Where is glycogen made?
liver, muscles, uterus, and vagina.
77
What is the primary energy source for producing ATP?
Glucose
78
What is a glycoprotein
sugars + protein
79
What are lipids composed of?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
80
What are the 5 types of lipids?
1. Fatty Acids 2. Triglycerides 3. Phospholipids 4. Steroids 5. Eicosanoids
81
What is a fatty acid?
a straight chain of carbon atoms with a carboxy group attached at one end and a methyl group at the other end
82
What is a a saturated fat?
1 covalent bond, found in meat fat, dairy, eggs, coconut oil and palm oil.
83
What is unsaturated fat?
1 or 2 double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of their fatty acids. Include olive oil, peanut oil, fish, safflower, sunflower, and corn oil.
84
What is a triglyceride
consist of glycerol and 3 carbon molecue and three fatty acids. 95% of the human diet
85
What is a phospholipid?
similar to triglycerides. importan structural component of plasma membrane and are found in food, ex: lecithin (found in egg yolk)
86
What is a steroid?
a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms in 4 rings. ex: Cholesterol from which steroids are synthesized other types are cortisol estrogens testosterone, and bile acids.
87
What are eicosanoids?
20 carbon compounds derived from fatty acid called arachidonic. made in cells and are regulatory molecules.
88
What do lipids do?
Supply energy and they contain more than twice as much chemical energy as carbs and proteins. (calories)
89
Where are unused fats stored?
The liver or adipose tissue
90
What is adipose tissue?
surrounds and pads organs and under the skin works as an insulator.
91
What happens to fat we consume?
Broken down by hydrolysis to produce ATP and heat.
92
What are the essential fatty acids?
linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids, linolei acid
93
What fatty acids can the liver synthesize?
triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins,
94
What fatty acid does the liver regulate and how?
The liver regulates cholesterol in the body by synthesis or by removing it from blood and excreting it into bile making bile salts.
95
What hormones does Cholesterol help produce?
Sex hormones and Adrenal Cortex hormones
96
What are the 4 classifications of Cholesterol?
1. Chylomicrons 2. High density lipoprotein 3. low density lipoprotein 4. Very low density lipoprotein
97
What are the recommended lipid requirements of the body?
fat should account for no more than 30% of a persons daily caoloric intake. dietary fats must supply fat soluble vitamins such as A D E and K.
98
What is a protein
An organic compound that not only contains carbon, hydrogen oxygen but also nitrogen.
99
What is the main component of protein?
Polymers of amino acids.
100
What does protein constitute in the body?
12-15% of bodyweight, 65% in the skeletal muscles
101
how many amino acids make a protein?
20
102
What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis.
103
What is a dipeptide?
two amino acids bound together by a peptide bond.
104
What 10 things do protein molecules make in the body?
1. Enzymes 2. Clotting factors 3. Keratins 4. Elastin 5. Collagen 6. Plasma 7. Actin 8. Myosin 9. Hormones 10. Antibodies
105
What is deamination?
When the liver uses protein to create energy resulting in urea, which is brought to the kidneys and excreted as urine.
106
What contains essential amino acids?
Meat, fish, dairy and eggs.
107
What contains amino acids but not all nine?
leafy greens, legumes, beans, peas and cereals.
108
What are the essential 9 amino acids?
Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Phenyalinine, Tryptophan, and valine.
109
What is the required daily allowance of protein?
44-60 grams depending on age and sex.
110
What are the consequences of excess protein intake?
Obesity, maybe kidney damage.
111
What is caused by a protein deficiency?
weight loss, wasting, anemia, growth retardation.
112
What are the functions of protein?
1. Regulatory molecule (insulin, an enzyme created via protein, affects glucose transport to cells)
2. Transport (hemoglobin transports gases through blood)
3. Protection ( ANtibodies)
4. Contraction (muscle contraction via actin and myosin)
5. Structure, collagen form the structural framework of many parts of the body. (keratin)
6. Energy. Can be broken down by the liver.
113
What is a Nucleic Acid?
DNA and RNA. polymers of nucleotides.
114
How many nucleotides are in DNA?
100m-1b, gives instruction for syntheisizing all the bodys proteins and transfers hereditary info.
115
What are the forms of RNA?
1. rRNA 2. tRNA 3. mRNA.
116
How many nucleotides are in RNA and what purpose do they serve?
70-10k, Carry out instructions and sythesize the proteins, assembling amino acids in the right order to produce protein described by dna.
