Vocab Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Components of the central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
Structural way to think of the nervous system
A
central and peripheral nervous system
3
Q
functional way to think of the nervous system
A
somatic and autonomic nervous system
4
Q
lobes of cerebrum
A
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
5
Q
where does name change from brainstem to spinal cord
A
foramen magnum
6
Q
what are the layers of the meninges
A
dura, arachnoid, pia
7
Q
what emerges from between two adjacent vertebrae
A
spinal nerve through the intervertebral foramen
8
Q
spinal cord organization
A
white matter outside (myelinated) and gray matter inside; ascending and descending tracts
9
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
nerve fibers and cell bodies outside of the CNS
10
Q
neuron
A
nerve cell specialized for rapid communication
11
Q
neuroglia
A
support cells
12
Q
nerve fiber
A
axon and its coverings
13
Q
myotome
A
muscle fibers innervated by a single spinal nerve
14
Q
transverse temporal gyri
A
primary cortical areas of the auditory system inferior to the insula (the insula is deep to the lateral fissure)
15
Q
pre occipital notch
A
intersection of occipital lobe frontal lobe and cerebellum
16
Q
cerebral aquaduct
A
connect third and fourth ventricle
17
Q
calcimine sulcus
A
divides the occipital lobe into the cuneus gyrus and lingual gyrus
18
Q
septum pellucidum
A
covers the lateral ventricle
19
Q
substantia nigra
A
area in the midbrain involved with movement! assoc with parkinsons disease bc dopamine neurons of SN die.
20
Q
diencephalon
A
thalamus and hypothalamus mammillary bodies infundibular stalk optic tract, optic chiasm, optic nerve
21
Q
fornix
A
C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus
22
Q
the columns of the fornix ends in the…
A
mammillary bodies
23
Q
the crura of the fornix lead in to the
A
hippocampus
24
Q
what nerves are found in medulla
A
9,10,11,12
25
what nerves are found in pons
5,6,7,8
26
what are the two key aspects of the medulla
pyramids and olives
27
what produces purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
ventricular zone progenitors
28
rhombomere 1
generates cerebellum
29
isthmus organizer
area between midbrain and hindbrain
30
rhombomeres
developmental units of the embryonic hindbrain
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pontine flexure
generates 4th ventricle
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cervical flexure
formed between brain stem and spinal cord by week 5
33
cephalic flexure
pushes mesencephalon upwards
34
Chiari I malformation
ectopic cerebellar tonsils; associated spinal cavitation
35
syringomyelia
cystic cavity within central canal of spinal cord
36
Chiari II malformation
herniation of low lying cerebellar vermis and tonsils through foramen magnum; associated with myelomeningocele
37
Dandy Walker syndrome
genesis of cerebellar vermis; cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle; 70-80% cases associated with hydrocephalus
38
what types of neurons are affected in huntingtons disease
basal ganglia (cuadate/ putamen)
39
what types of neurons are affected in Alzheimers
hippocampus, cortex
40
What types of neurons are affected in parkinsons
substantia nigra within the midbrain
41
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
growth inhibitory substance produced by reactive astrocytes
42
White matter territories
Dorsal (posterior) Funiculus
Lateral Funiculus
Ventral (anterior) Funiculus
Anterior White Commissure
43
Fasciulus gracilis
present at all cord levels
aspect of the dorsal colum medial lemniscus pathway
carries info from lower extremities to the inferior poriton of the medial lemniscus
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Fasiculus Cuneatus
present only from T6-C1
part of dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
carries info from the upper extremities to superior medial lemniscus
45
Gray matter territories
dorsal/posterior horn
ventral/anterior horn
46
stereognosis
object identification by touch; done by the dorsal column medial lemniscus system
47
syrinx
fluid collection in the spinal cord that expands the central canal; compressess and ultimatel destroys the nervous tissue in the affected area
48
Type IV anderson's disease
glycogen storage disease; poorly branched and insoluble
due to deficieincy in **transglucosidase** (branching enzyme)
no epilepsy!
49
type VII tauri's disease
muscle specific glycogen storage disease; no phosphofructokinase leads to incr G6P which allosterically activates glycogen synthase
therefore incr synthase to branhcing ration --\> accumulation of poorly branched polyclucosan
50
lateral geniculate nucleus
receives information from retina, visual input
51
medial geniculate nucleus
receives auditory info from inferior colliculous
52
locations of neuropathies
mononeuropathy = focal
mononeuropathy multiplex = multifocal
polyneuropathy = generalized
53
Intermediate/ lateral horn
enlargement seen on the lateral aspect of the thoracic gray matter in the spinal cord
location of the autonomic nerves
54
denticulate ligament
separates dorsal from ventral roots; anchors the dura
55
which are the fast sensors?
pacinian, meissner, hair
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which are the slow sensors
merkel, ruffini, free nerve ending
57
ruffini
stretch
58
meissner
pressure
59
pacinian
vibration
60
merkle
light touch
61
what do we mean when we say we are looking at duration?
whether something is fast or slow adapting
62
two ways to measure intensity
population code and frequency code
63
frequency code
how many AP per unit time (depends on intensity of stimulus)
64
population code
how many are activated
65
periaqueductal gray
around the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain
rostral ventral medulla - serotonergic (5HT) neurons of raphe nuclei project to spinal cord
Neuropeptide substance P - sent by RVM to locus ceruleus
66
hyperalgesia
increased sensitivity to an already painful stimulus
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allodynia
normally non painful stimuli are felt as painful
68
3 models for how neuroectoderm differentiates into epidermis v. neurons
#1: epidermal factor --\> epidermis + neuronal factor --\> neurons
#2: default = epidermis (+ neuronal factor --\> neurons)
#3: default = neurons (+ epidermal factor --\>epidermis)
Epidermal factor = BMP-4 (promotes epidermal fate and inhibits neuronal fate)
69
corticospinal tract
PYRAMIDS
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MLF
pontine tract; medial in the rostral medulla
71
vestibular nuclei locaiton
near the inferior cerebellar peduncal in the rostral medulla
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73
upper motor neuron syndrome
inital spinal shock/hypotonia, followed by spasticity, clonus, hyporeflexia, muscle paresis and positive babinski sign
74
what does a positive or upgoing babinsci sign indicate
fanning of toes/extensor plantar response indicates **upper motor neuron syndrome**
75
why does UMN leison cause spasticity
inputs from brainstem and cerebral cortex have SUPPRESSIVE effect on reflexes; so when you lose the suppression, you get spasticity = hyperreflexia and hypertonia in muscles
however!!! you also get hyporeflexia for superficial reflexes
76
filopedia
actin filaments growing at end of oligodendrocyte process
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lamellipodia
widening filopedia; formed as microtubules migrate into membrane protrusions, bind actin and stabilize filaments
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NOGO
usually sequestered to the nucleus, but released to the ER upon damage to the oligodendrocyte; when released, it binds neuron and inhibit growth --\> aka growth is a no-go!
79
steps for oligodendrocyte
1. differentiation
2. process extension
3. contact formation and initial wrapping
4. myelin compaction/formation
80
lipid rafts
specialized microdomains at leading edge of oligodendrocyte process that **accumulate as oligodendrocyte differentiate**
contain: glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, integrins , NCAM120
81
alternating hemiplesia
contralateral trunk and extremity and ipsilateral CN motor n issue
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macula
receptive element of uticle and saccule; located within membranous labryinth
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endolymph composition
sodium poor
potassium rich
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perilymph composition
potassium poor
sodium rich
85
otolythic membrane
gelatinous mass overlying the macula (which is the receptive element for uticle and saccule )
86
what are stereocilia of the ear
large microvilli
87
what are kinocilium
true cilia
88
crista
sensory receptive element of the semicircular canals; has a population of hair cells, which also have stereocilia and kinocilia that extend upwards into the cupula
89
in head turning, oculomotor does
medial rectus
90
abducens
lateral rectus
91
key area in human brain for processing vestibular information
parieto-insular region
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fasiculation
LMN!
93
decorticate rigidity
rubrospinal and vestibulospinal tracts are active
lesion above midbrain
arms flexed (point toward head), legs extended, rigid
94
decerebrate rigidity
vestibulospinal tract active
lesion below midbrain
arms and legs extended, rigid
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96
where are mirror neurons found?
Premotor cortex, inferior parietal lobule
97
primary gustatory cortex
anterior region of insular lobe and "the frontal operculum" located on the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe
98
what nerves control taste of tongue
CNX (Back)
CN IX (mid)
CN VII (front)
99
What nerves control sensation of tongue
CNX (back)
CNIX (mid)
CNV3 (front)
100
what is the majority of the blood supply to the lateral geniculate nucleus?
posterior cerebral artery
101
magnocellular pathway
dorsal pathway, the where pathway for vision;
goes to **superior parietal lobe**
responsible for action associated with objects
102
parvocellular pathway
the what pathway, important for object identification, goes to the inferior temporal lobe
103
Retrolenticular fibers
carry information from the inferior aspect of the visual field; take that information through the parietal lobe to the cuneus of the occipital lobe
104
Sublenticular fibers
carry information from the superior aspect of the visual field; go through the TEMPORAL lobe to get to the lingula of the occipital lobe
105
plexiform layers of the eye
where the synapses between layers of cells occur
106
glaucoma
lose peripheral vision and have tunnel vision in advanced cases.
patterns of the visual outcomes of glaucoma and ARMD are opposite or complementary.
107
What is outlined in red line?
Pretectal area; if stimulated will get bilateral activation of the parasympathetics of the CN III
108
posterior parietal lobe role in vision
detection of motion and location and also vision for action
(part of the where pathway, magnocellular)
109
temporal cortex role in vision
comprehension of form & color
part of what parvocellular pathway
110
how do you know its inferior colliculi?
theyre dark
111
when you see inferior colliculi what should you think
egg and nest --\> trochlear nerve and MLF
Trochlear nerve only found in inferior midbrain!!!!
112
rubrospinal
flexors (mainly upper extremities)
starts in red nucleus
on in decorticate rigidity but off in decerebrate rigidity (b/c below midbrain)
113
An individual with neurologic disease exhibits a generalized increase in muscle tone, whereas deep tendon reflexes are normal. Which one of the following can account for this finding?
Abnormal increase in excitatory drive to static gamma motor neurons.
114
tegmentum of pons contains
spinal nucleus
trigeminal spinal tract
VTT
ALS
medial lemniscus
115
Horner's syndrome where would lesion be
* lateral spinal cord
* sympathetic chain
116
Where is this
Cuadal medulla
117
Identify A
solitary nucleus (for taste) in the caudal medulla
118
Identify B
Contains ALS and spinal tract of V in caudal medulla
119
“locked-in” syndrome
bilateral lesion base of the upper pons
120
What is the arrow pointing to
left optic tract
121
What is the arrow pointing to
Optic nerve
122
What is the arrow pointing to
lateral geniculate nucleus
123
where is the fovea
most medial aspect of the temporal hemiretina
124
medial reticulospinal
pons
125
lateral reticulospinal
medulla!
126
where are the corticospinals located in the pons
base
127
whats here?
corticospinal
128
vestibular spinals
Provide powerful anti gravity drive
129
What is the orange delinating
the efferent aspect of the corneal blink reflex
130
middle cerebellar peduncle
CN V afferent
efferent --\> muscles of mastication
131
interpedunclar fossa
where oculomotor comes out ; level of midbrain
132
cerebellopontine
7 exits, smile ! at pons medulla junciton
133
What cranial nerve could be affected
by an aneurysm of the posterior
communicating artery?
CN III
134
inner retina
central retina
135
chondrotion sulfate proteoglycan
made by reactive astrocytes
136
posterior ciliary supplies
inner and outer segments containing photoreceptors, outer nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer
137
Whats this
a lesion to the edinger westphal nucleus bilaterally (issues with pupillary light reflex & accomodation bilaterally)
138
whats in purple
internal capsule
139
whats in red
lgn
140
whats this in red
parvocellualr - inferior temporal lobe ; posterior cerebral
141
what artery comes to mind for horner's syndrome?
PICA!
142
true vertigo
spinning or sensation of movement
143
vestibular neuritis
nystagmus is horizontal, follows alexanders law and does not change direction
## Footnote
h-HIT corrective saccade
144
vestibular nystagmus or direction chanigng nystagmus
sign of stroke
145
h-HIT
head impuse test; corrective saccade observed in vestibular neruitis but not stroke
146
CGRP
calcitonin gene related peptide; target of migraine med
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148
CSPG
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans --\> prodcued by reactive astrocytes
