Final but non rat Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
main goal of limbic system
A
conscious awareness of autonomic function
2
Q
anterior hypothalamus
A
paraventricular nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus prep-tic nucleus ventrolateral prep-tic area (VLPO)
3
Q
paraventricular nucleus
A
magnocellular (oxytocin and ADH) parvocellular (ACTH, TSH, descending autonomics) anterior hypothalamus
4
Q
preoptic nucleus
A
temp regulation anterior hypothalamus
5
Q
suprachismatic nucleus
A
circadian rhythm anterior hypothalamus
6
Q
ventrolateral preoptic area
A
sleep via inhibition of arousal anterior hypothalamus
7
Q
Middle hypothalamus
A
arcuate nucleus ventromedial nucleus
8
Q
NPY/AgPR
A
stimulates appetite
9
Q
CART/alphaMSH
A
inhibits feeding
10
Q
arcuate nucleus
A
stimulates (MPY/AgRP) or inhibits (CART/alphaMSH) feeding middle hypothalamus
11
Q
ventromedial nuclei
A
appetite, weight gain, insulin regulation
12
Q
posterior hypothalamus
A
mammillary nuclei orexin/hypocretin and histamine neurons
13
Q
orexin/hypocretin and histamine neurons
A
arousal posterior hypothalamus
14
Q
mammillary nuclei
A
emotion and short term memory posterior hypothalamus
15
Q
neurons that are a part of the arousal network
A
- NT release and neuronal activity HIGHEST during WAKE and lowest during sleep
- Treatment with agonists promote physiological and behavioral indicators of wakefulness
- Treatment with antagonists (or lesions, disease) promote physiological and behavioral indicators of sleep
16
Q
I neurons
A
inspiration neurons
stimulate neurons that innervate resp muscles
17
Q
E neurons
A
expiration neurons
inhibit I neurons
18
Q
ghrelin
A
hunger hormone; released when stomach empty
19
Q
CCK
A
released from duodenum and upper intestine when aa and FA in GI tract; signals satiety
20
Q
short term regulators of hunger
A
Ghrelin and CCK
21
Q
long term regulator of hunger
A
leptin
22
Q
what senses hypertonicity of the blood?
A
vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)
when it detects an incr in blood solutes –> stimulates ADH release (antrior hypothalamus) and produces thirst (via lateral hypothalamus)
23
Q
what detects hypovolemia?
A
kidneys and mechanoreceptors in blood vessel walls –> if hypovolemia is detected, trigger thirst and drinking in lateral hypothalamus and ADH releas (via paraventricular nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus)
24
Q
signs of cerebellar dysfunciton
A
DANISH
dysdiadochokinesia and dysmetria
ataxia
nystagmus
intention tremor
slurred speech
hypotonia
25
venterolateral nucleus of thalamus
projects to the primary motor cortex and cortical areas involved in motor planning and learning
26
what is the role of the red nucleus in the cerebrocerebellar circuit
part of the **motor learning loop**
projects to the inferior olivary nucleus
27
worst headache of life
subarachnoid hemorrhage until proven otherwise
28
nucchal rigidity
inability to flex neck forward --\> sign of meningeal irritation (inflammation, infection, hemorrhage in subarachnoid space)
29
lateral motor systems
corticospinal and rubrospinal
30
medial motor systems
anterior corticospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and tectospinal
medial ventral motor horn = trunk
31
important cause of transient generalized weakness
bilateral ventral pontine ischemia due to basilar artery stenosis
32
usual cause of pure motor hemiparesis
lacunar infarction of the contralateral internal capsule or pons
33
reward
positive reinforcer; something for which an animal will work to approach and contact
34
punisher
something an animal will work to avoid
35
emotion
state elicited by rewards or punishers
36
motivation
state in which reward is being sought or punisher avoided
37
feelings
conscious awareness of emotional state
38
mood
predominant emotional state over time
39
limbic lobe
cortical areas ringing the brainstem; made up mostly by **cingulate gyrus** and **parahippocampal gyrus**
40
Kluver Bucy Syndrome
Behavioral syndrome resulting from bilateral temporal lobectomy
loss of emotional reactiviy (esp fear and aggression --\> placid behavior)
41
what lobe is the amygdala in
temporal
42
predatory aggression
minimal sympathetic activation
43
affective aggression
major sympathetic activation
44
stimulation to medial hypothalamus produces ...
affective aggression
45
lateral hypothalamus stimulation produces....
predatory aggress ion
46
amygdala lesion in humans
diffulty recognizing fearful recognition
47
OFC represents
reward value of the expected outcome (Desirability)
48
ACC represents
the reward value of the action itself (cost/effort)
49
huntingtons
hyperkinetic
50
parkinsons
hypokinetic
51
scanning attention
elevated tonic LC activity
52
phasic response of LC
required for discrimination of salient stimuli and filtering of unnecessary background noise
53
nucleus accumbens
* prediction of reward and pleasure
54
tone
resistance to passive stretch
recall that cerebellar issue can cause hypotonia and pendular reflexes b/c affects reticulospinals
55
what are the antigravity muscles?
* flexors in upper extremity
* extensors in the lower extremity
56
where is the center of gravity in the human body
just anterior to S2 vertebra
57
why does a lower center of gravity increase stability?
because it is less likely that the line of gravity will fall outside the base of support
58
types of LMN
* alpha = extrafusal
* gamma = intrafusal
59
at what levels are the lateral motor nucleei present?
C5-T1
L2-S2
60
golgi tendon organs
* respond to muscle tension and velocy of tension development
* 1b fibers
61
nuclear bag fibers
* respond to rate of change of muscle length
* Ia fibers and gamma
62
nuclear chain fibers
* responds primarily to muscle length
* Ia and II fibers
63
lateral medullary syndrome
* vertebral \> PICA
* ataxia, vertigo,nystagmus, ipsilateral horner's ; horaseness, dysphagia, decr taste
* decr pain and temp from ipislateral face (spinal nucleus and tract of V)
* decr contralateral pain and temp b/c spinothalamic tract
64
where do the descending sympathetic fibers run
LATERAL TEGMENTUM
65
blood vessel suspect in ipsilateral hearing loss
AICA
66
brodmans area 6
premotor and SMA
67
brodmans area 4
primary motor cortex
68
Wernike injury
* fluent aphasia
* broadman 22
* deficient comprehension
* poor repetition
69
Broca's
* nonfluent aphasia
* ok comprehension
* poor repetition
* abnormal deep tendon reflexs in upper extremitites
70
positive babinski sign
UMN
71
middle ear amplifier
compensates for the sound energy lost due to the sound encountering the air fluid barrier (**impedence mismatch)**
72
what is the primary mechanism of the middle ear amplifier?
the ratio of the tympanic membran SA to oval window SA
(the minor mechansm is ratio of length of malleus to length of incus)
73
what part of the ear has endolymph
scala media
endolymph is high in potassium and low in sodium
74
high freq detected at
oval window
\*because the cochlea is **tonotopically organized**
75
what is the cochlear amplifier
active process that transformed poorly tuned basilar membrane vibrations into sharply tuned response
1. exquisite frequency discrimiation
2. large dynamic range
76
CN XII lesion
* the corticobulbar is a **contralateral projection** (left corticobulbar to right nerve)
* the nerve is **ipsilateral projection** (right nerve to right tongue muscle)
* whatever side of the tongue is weak, it will deviate toward that side because the genioglossus pushes tongue opposite (right muscle pushes tongue left)
* so if left corticobulbar is lesioned, right nerve won't innervate right tongue, so tongue will deviate right
* similarly, if you lesion at level of nerve, lesion of right nerve wont innervate right tongue, so tongue will deviate right
77
CN XI lesion
* corticobulbar projection is ipsilateral (left corticobulbar impacts left CNXI nuclei)
* SCM is ipsilateral (left CNXI nuclei affects left SCM)
* SCM allows you to turn head
* left SCM allows you to turn right
* if you have a left SCM issue, you can't turn right
* Trapezius is contralateral (left CNXI nuclei affects right trapezius)
78
first line of tx for Menieres
low sodium diet
79
pneumotaxic center
inhibits inspiration; inhibits apneustic center
80
classical conditioning
relexive responses; controlled by stimuli that preceed them
(dog drools at bell)
81
instrumental conditioning
voluntary responses controlled by their consequences
(dog sits bc he'll get a treat)
82
what could cause inability to recognize fearful facial expressions
a lesion to the amygdala
83
Kluver Bucy syndrome
loss of emotional reactivity due to loss of amygdala
84
Urbach Wiethe disease
bilateral calcification of amygdala that causes loss of emotional reactivity
85
what does the amgydala project to
1. prefrontal cingulate cortex
2. hypothalamus
3. PAG
4. brainstem monoamine nuclei
86
what are the two nuclei of the amygdala
basolateral and central
87
what kind of aggression does the medial hypothalamus cause
* affective aggression
* for show
* vocalization
* threatening posture
88
what kind of aggression does the lateral hypothalamus cause
* predatory
* purposeful
* stealthy
* no vocalization
89
anterior cingulate cortex
* **FLEXIBILITY**
* allows you to change decision making to adjust to changing contingencies
* effort based decision making
* works with OFC
90
substance use disorder
1. devaluation of natural reinforcer
2. incr DA effectsl drugs increasingly predominate over non drug rewards
3. drug effects diminished therefore compulsive and accelerated drug taking
91
where is serotonin
raphae nuclei of the midbrain
92
what is the OFC important for
* reversal learning
* delayed decision making
* long term reward / anticipatory autonomic resposne
**function is to represent reward value and respond to changes in reward value; guides behavior based on value of expected outcome**
93
what does the nucleus accumbens respond to
motivational stimulus
94
what happens to OFC neuron response as the value of the reward decreases?
the OFC neuron response decreases
95
what part of the brain will respond to smiles
insula
96
LC tonic activity
scanning attention
97
LC phasic activity
discrimiation of salient stimuli and filtering of unnecessary background noise
98
blood supply to amygdala
anterior choroidal
99
OFC syndrome
* poor judgement and foresight
* inability to learn from expieience
* can't inhibit behavior
* inappropro!!!! sexual coments, lewd behavior, lack of interpersonal sensitivy
100
Identify lesion
OFC lesion
101
insula
* empathy
* responds to smiles
* affective quality of emotion
* located near **S2**
* conscious awarness of cognitive , affective, physical state
102
abulia
* ACC lesion
* apathy
* passive, loss/diminihsed initiative, spontaneous thought, emotional responses
* lethargy
* soft and slow speech --\> properly articulated but comprised of few words
103
what are the two dopamine circuits?
1. nigrostriatal
2. mesocorticolimbic
104
nigrostriatal pathway
* substantia nigra --\> caudate putamen
* motor and cognitive fxn
105
mesocorticolimbic pathway
* ventral tegmental --\> limbic system
* Motivation
* **M** for **M**otivation and **M**esocorticolimbic
106
intracranial self stimulation
animals work (press lever) for stimulatiion
sthe sitmulation is of the fiber tract that has dopa projections to limbic (incl nucleus accumbens)
107
what drugs are primarily DA mech of action
stimulants (cocaine and amphetamine)
108
evidence that drugs of abuse are positive reinforcers
tolerance
withdrawal
craving
continued used despite efforts
109
caudate does what kind of behavior
action-outcome
110
putamen does what kind of behavior
habit
111
what is the LCNE important for?
selective attention
112
5 functions of the hypothalamus
1. BP
2. body temp
3. energy metabolism
4. reproduction
5. emergency responses
113
input to the solitary nucleus
IX and X
114
where is the solitary nucleus?
caudal medulla
115
116
inferior temporal association area
* identification of complex stimuli
* located in the inferior occipitotemporal region
117
what are the unimodal association areas
* auditory
* gustatory
* motor
* olfactor
* visual
* somatosensory
118
what are the multimodal association areas
* prefrontal
* posterior parieto-occipital
* inferior temporal (complex identification)
119
agnosia
* can't recognize or ID objects, people, sounds
* apperceptive or associative
120
associative agnosia
* can draw, good about matching, understanding form
* but, cannot ID the object
* in visual associative agnosia, can't **link the fully perceived object to other info for identification**
* ****usually caused by **bilateral lesion to inferior occipitotemporal cortex**
121
in visual agnosia can patients ever recognize objects?
yes, patients can recognize objects using **other sensory modalities**
122
apperceptive agnosia
can't recognize because issue in perception pathway (can't draw or copy items)
123
what is the usual cause of visual associative agnosia?
this is when patients can perceive but not recognize, and is usually due to a **bilateral lesion of the inferior occipitotemporal cortex**
124
prosopagnosia
type of visual agnosia in which patient cannot recognize familiar faces
125
fusiform face area
* part of **fusiform gyrus** of the **inferior temporal cortex**
* damage to this area causes **prosopagnosia** (inability to recognize familiar faces)
126
What do these lesions cause?
red= loss of color vision
blue = prosopagnosia
127
ID
lesion causing prosopagnosia
128
simultanagnosia
can't recognize and distingusih between more than one object at once
two types = dorsal and ventral
129
dorsal simulatnagnosia
* can't see more than one object at once
* **bilateral lesion of occipitotemporal cortex**
130
ventral simultanagnosia
* can see more than one object at once but can't ID more than one
* associated with **lesion in LEFT inferior occipital area**
131
verbal auditory agnosia
can't understand words even though can read, write and speak
132
nonverbal auditory agnosia
spares speech comprehension, but cant understand nonverbal sounds
133
stereognosis
object ID by touch
mediated by unimodal somestheticcortex and by the somatosensory association area projections to **temporal lobe**
134
where is perception of raw features of objects?
primary somatosensory cortex
135
where is perception of form, texture, weight of object as a whole?
unimodal somatosensory cortex
136
Astereognosis
can't recognize by touch
associated with lesion to **multimodal areas of temporal lobe**
137
semantic dimensia
* degenerative disease of the anterior temporal lobes that impairs **conceptual knowledge**
* MRI shows pronounced atrophy in anterior temporal lobe, especially on the left
138
funciton of posteiror parietal association area
Awareness of and attention to our personal body map and our relationship to the world around us
139
Contralateral Neglect Syndrome
Inattention to left side of body and extrapersonalspace
140
arcuate fasiculus
white matter tract connecting Broca's area to Wernike's area
141
Broca's area
anteiror, inferior left frontal lobe
generate language
area 44 and 45
142
Wernike's area
understanding language
area 22
superior posterior temporal lobe
143
conduction aphasia
notable for deficits in repetition; spontaneous speech, OK comprehension; anatomical basis not clear
144
disorders of prosody
* Damage to right hemisphere in Broca’s or Wernike’s area
* Causes inability to understand (wernike’s) or express (Broca’s) the emotionalcontent of language
145
what does PAG project directly to
locus coeruleus and rostral ventral medulla
146
what does PAG get input from
amygdala and ALS second order neurons
147
glut1
astrocyte
148
glut 3
neuron
149
PDHK4
pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4
inactivates PDH therefore the astrocyte can't make as much aceytl coA
150
DAB
* inhibits glycogenolysis
* impairs memory
* this can be rescued by either infused lactate or glucose.
151
4-CIN
* Inhibits Monocarboxylate Transporter 2
* impairs memory
* can't be fixed
152
LDH-1
* favors oxidative metabolism
* found in **neurons**
153
LDH-5
* favors glycolysis
* found in astrocyte
154
lactate and the hippocampus
lactate promotes hippocampal learning and memory in a **BDNF dependent fashion**
155
what does EEG measure?
cortical activity
156
what stage has high amplitude low frequency EEG readings?
NREM
(both awake and REM have low amplitude high frequency)
157
what is the EMG reading in REM
none!
158
apneustic center
stimulates I neurons aka sitmulates inhalation
159
generator potentials
**slower** rates of rise
**longer** duration
(in comparison to AP)
160
whats rapidly adapting
pacinian
meisner
hair follicles
161
whats slow adapting
merkle (fine tactile discriminatio, form, texture0
ruffini (Stretch)
C fiber (temp pain)
162
What is D pointing to?
posterior cerebral
163
parasomnias
mixing of sleep and wake stages
* sleepwalking
* sleep terrors
* REM sleep bheavior disorder
* narcolepsy
164
cataplexy
loss of muscle tone during emotional situations; can be associated with narcolepsy
165
what is responsible for stimulus-emotion association
amygdala
166
frontal disinhbition syndrome
OFC lesion
poor judgement and foresight, inability to inhibit behavior, inability to learn from experience
167
unconscious, conditioned responses towards reward or punishment is mediated by?
amygdala
168
habits, skills and sensorimotor adaptations are mediated by
cerebellum and basal ganglia
169
episodic and semantic, conscious recollections and flexible expression are mediated by
hippocampus and parahippocampal region
170
working memory is mediated by
prefrontal lateral aspect
171
Prosopagnosia, the specific inability to recognizes familiar faces, occurs with lesions to the
inferior temporal
172
The presence of the grasp reflex in an adult is indicative of damage to the
frontal lobes
173
what is a major inhibitor of insulin signaling
serine phosphorylation
174
alexander's law
nystagmus is exacerbated when looking away from lesion;
nystagmus for **vestibular neuritis** always follows alexander's law
175
skew deviaiton
seen in stroke ; eyes go up but in opposite direction
176
superior vestibular nerve innervates...
utricle
lateral canal
superior canal
177
inferior vestibular nerve innervates...
saccule, posterior semicircular canal
178
delayed MRI
gold standard for stroke dx
179
DDx for recurrent vertigo
migraine
BPPV
menieres
concussion
sequelae of VN
TIA
180
dix halpike
test for BPPV
181
what responds to linear accelearation
utricle and saccule
182
what responds to angular acceleration
macule
183
what test would you order to confirm menieres
VNG (videonystagmography)
VEMP (vestibular evoked myogenic potentials)
EcochG (electrocochleography)
184
low freq sensinoural hearing loss is a sign of
Menieres
185
what is the pathologic hallmark of menieres disease
endolymphatic hydrops
186
intratympanic gentamicin injection
common tx for menieres if low sodium diet and hctz (hydrochlorothiazide) are not enough
187
Brown Séquard syndrome
spinal cord hemisection
* UMN ipsilateral below lesion
* LMN ispilateral at lesion
* DCML ipsilateral below lesion
* ALS contralateral below lesion
* loss of all sensation at lesion
188
what do lower motor neurons innervate
skeletal muscle
(the only neurons with axons that exit the CNS to provide direct innervation!!!)
189
where are the celll bodies of LMN
* cranial nerve nuclei of the brain stem
* ventral horn of spinal cords
190
where do interneurons of medial ventral horn temrinate
bilaterally
191
where do interneurons of lateral ventral horn temrinate
ipsilaterally
192
chemoreceptor trigger zone
* 4th ventricle
* controls vomitting by giving input to the **vomiting center in the medulla**
* gets inputs from 5HT, drugs, preganncy hormones
193
Frontotemporal (Semantic) Dementia
Degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal lobes
* Severe **impairments in word comprehension**
* language will be fluent but without content
* Knowledge about people, places, and things is lost
* Perceptual discrimination and spatial reasoning abilities are **largely intact.**
194
what does the basal ganglia have to do with learning?
involved in learning stimulus / response association
procedural memory!! unconscious aquisition
REMEMBER THAT BG LESIONS DO NOT CAUSE WEAKNESS
195
prosopangnosia
can't recognize faces
inferior temproal cortex issue
196
whats a reasonable dx for truly mixed UMN/LMN findings
ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease
197
what derives from the myelencephalon
medulla
198
name some key funcitons of lactate in the brain?
can induce signaling in neurons
GPCR on neurons, travels thru gap junctions among astrocytes
substance that is released by skeletal muscles induces supportive effects in the brain thru GPCR
199
MCT
transports lactate!!! (both out of the astrocyte (1,2,4) and into the neuron (4)
200
modiolus
core of cochlea
contains the spiral ganglion which is where the beginnings of afferent CN VIII
201
what kind of lesion would cause contralateral hemiballismus?
subthalamic nucleus
202
nucleus ambiguous
IX X and XI
203
PICA infarct supply territory
lateral medulla
204
AICA infarct supply territory
lateral pons
205
