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Humanities Vocabulary > Vocab Unit 4 > Flashcards

Vocab Unit 4 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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0
Q

Mutual Intelligibility

A

The ability of two people to understand each other while speaking.

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1
Q

Language

A

A set/combo of sounds and symbols that are used for communication.

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2
Q

Standard language

A

The variant of a language that a country’s elite speaks to promote it in public life

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3
Q

Dialects

A

Local/regional characteristics of a language. Accent refers to pronunciation, dialect also refers to different pronunciation/grammar

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4
Q

Dialect chains

A

A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest each other at any place are most related.

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5
Q

Isogloss

A

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feture occurs

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6
Q

Language families

A

Groups of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin

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7
Q

Sub-families

A

Divisons within a language family where the comonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent

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8
Q

Sound shift

A

Slight change of a word across languages in a family or subfamily.

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9
Q

Proto-indo-european

A

Ligusitic hypothesis proprosing the existence of an ancestoral indo-euro language that is the hearth of latin, greek, sanskrit, which would link many modern languages together

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10
Q

Backward reconstruction

A

The tracking of a sound shifts and harddening of consonants “backward” to origin laanguage.

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11
Q

Extinct language

A

Language with no native speakers

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12
Q

Deep reconstruction

A

Ses vocab of an extinct language to recreate it, then recreate its predecessor.

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13
Q

Nostratic language

A

Language believed to be predessor to proto-indo-euro, kartuelian, uralic-attic, and dravadian language trees.

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14
Q

Language divergence

A

(August Schleicher) new language formed when language breaks to completely separate dislects that dont interact, and evole separately.

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15
Q

Language convergence

A

Two languages become one due to consistant spacial interaction.

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16
Q

Renfew hypothesis

A

(Colin Penfrew) three areas near fertile crecent gave rise to three different language families (indo-euro, north african, arabian), and languages in present iran, afganistan, pakistan, and india.

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17
Q

Conquest theory

A

Early speakers of proto-indo-euro spread weast on horseback/overpowered inhabitants/started difffusion of proto-indo-euro.

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18
Q

Dispersal hypothesis

A

Proto-indo-euro languages first east to SW china around Caspian Sea, across Russia-Ukrainian plains, into balkons.

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19
Q

Romance languages

A

Languages that lie in areas once controlled by the Roman Empire

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20
Q

Germanic languages

A

Languages that reflect the expansion of people out of north/south europe

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21
Q

Slavic languages

A

Languages from Ukraine 2000 years ago

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22
Q

Lingua Franca

A

Refers to a common language used among different language speakers

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23
Q

Pidgin language

A

When two languages are combined

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24
Creole language
A pidigin language that becomes a mother tounge
25
Monolingual states
A state with one language
26
Multilingual states
A state with multiple languages
27
Official language
Language that is taught in a multilingual state
28
Global language
Most common language
29
Place
Where a language takes hold
30
Toponyms
Place name
31
Religion
A system of beliefs and practices that attempt to order life in terms of a culturally preserved ultimate priorities
32
Secularism
Ethical/moral standards should be forumulated for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife
33
Monotheistic religion
Religions with one god
34
Polytheistic religions
Religions with more than one god
35
Animistic religions
Belief that inanimate objects, such as elements of the natural landscape, posses souls and can help/hinder humans
36
Universalizing religions
A belief system that esposes the idea that there is one true religion
37
Ethnic religion
Religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Unlike universalizing religions ethnic religions do nit activly seek converts.
38
Hinduism
One of the oldest religions in the world, dating back 4000 years and originating from the indus river valley of (now) pakistan, hinduism is unique in that it does not have one single founder, a single thology, or agreement on its origins.
39
Caste system
Strict social segrigations of people-specifically india's hindu society- on basis of ansetory and occupation
40
Sikism
A religion that was founded in india, as a combination of Islam and Hindu.
41
Buddism
Sixth century BCE. Enlightenment thru knowledge/self-knowledge/elimilation of greed, craving, disire/honesty etc. from hinduism, against caste system
42
Bodhi Tree
The tree Buddha taught under
43
Stupas
Bell-shaped structures to protect burial grounds
44
Shintoism
Japanese religion focused on nature/ancestor worship
45
Taoism
Lao-Tsu (founder). Book of the way. Awareness of humans/nature
46
Feng shui
Chinese art/science of the placement of buildings
47
Confucianism
Core of chinese culture. Philosophy of ethics, education, public service. Confucius.
48
Judaism
Roots in Abaraham. Abraham and God have a covenant- The Jews only worship one God, and God protects them.
49
Diaspora
Dispersal of people from place to place. Originally used for jews, starting to be applied to others
50
Zionism
Movement to unite jews to establish a homeland
51
Law of return
Passed in 1950. Allows jews to return to/live in Israel.
52
Christianity
Jesus-son of God, teaches people to live according to to God's plan.
53
Eastern Orthodox Church
Major branch of christianity. Arose from devided Romans. Same lines as east Rome (Constantinople).
54
Roman Catholic Church
Major Branch of christianity. Arose from devided Rome. West Rome (Rome).
55
Prodestant
Major branch of christianity. 1300 CE, people questioned RC teachings. John Huss/Martian Luther/John Calvin challanged RC.
56
Islam
Youngest religion. Muhammad (Mecca 571, CE) recevied truth from Allah in Qu'ran (Koran) verses.
57
Sunni
Largest branch of Islam (Orthodox/Traditionalist) effectivness of family/community to solve life's problems. Accept sunnds of Muhammad as athororty.
58
Shitte
Persian (Iranian) version of islam. Believe in authority of Imans, Ali's decendants.
59
Diffusion of Islam
Kings of Arabian peninsula converted. Spread faith thru conquest. Diffuse thru north africa. Trade spread Islam accros indian ocean to SE asia.
60
Minarets
Feture of Mosques. Often effects cultural landscapes.
61
Hajj
A required pilgramage to macca, if able physically/finacially.
62
Indegionous religions
Belief system passed down by indignous tribes.
63
Shamanism
Faith in which people follow a shaman. Strong shamans may attract a larger group.
64
Secularism
Moral standards adheared to for life, not god/afterlife
65
Religons Seen in Cutural Landscapes
Religions often leave a mark on their area
66
Pilgramage
A journey taken for one's religion/spirituality
67
Sacred sites
Place/space with religious meaning
68
Interfaith boundries
Boundires between the workd's major faiths
69
Intrafaith boundires
Boundries within a single major faith
70
Ethnic cleansing
The systematic killing of entire people/nation
71
Activity space
Space within daily activity occurs
72
Relgious fundlmentalism
Religous movment with objectives of returning to foundation of faith
73
Religious extremism
Religious fundalmentalism carred to the point of violence
74
Sharia Laws
Islamic law based on varying interpritations of qu'ran
75
Jihad
Islamic "holy war". Personal/collective struggle to live up to the Qu'ran.
76
Conflicts along religious borders
Religon can cause conflict.
77
Israel/palestine
Both trying to control one place. Palestinians have lived there for generations, Iraelis see it as their homeland
78
Horn of Africa
Muslims and christans forced into one government. Christains in control. Inter. Conflict.
79
Former Yugoslavia
Serbs/croats (christans) slaughtered bosnians (muslims), because they were put under the same government
80
Northern ireland
Prodestant VS. RC. Prodestant because the Brits were in control, they repressed RC, and unrest resulted from this.
81
Devolution
Process in which a religon gains more power/autonomy at expence of central government.
82
Cultural transmission
Continuity of culture
83
Linguistic fragmentation
Many languages spoken by a small number of people
84
Lingusitic geography
Study of speach areas and their local variations by unapplying differences.
85
Offical language
Language endoresed by the government as the one everyone should use
86
Marxism
Uses communism as and ideology vs type of economy
87
Humanism
Ability of humans to guide their own lives
88
Emilie Durkhein-profane vs sacred
We differanciate objects as profane or sacred. Profane is ordinary (vast majority), sacred is extraordinary
89
Branches
Large/basic divisons within a religion
90
Denomintions
Divisons of branches that unite local groups into a single adminstrative body.
91
Sects
Relativly small groups, do not affiliate with mainstream denominations
92
Buddism
3rd major universalizing religion, 365 million followers. Began in indian subcontinant. Siddhartha (founder) is the Buddha.
93
Mahayana
56% of buddists. "Big wheel" charcterised by broad incorperation of ideas/gods from other religons as it spread to E asia
94
Theraveda
38% of buddists. Stricter adhesrance to orginal teachings of buddha. Strong in SE asia.
95
Tantrayana
6% of buddists. Emphasis on magic/meditation techniques. "vehicle of the Text". Tibet/Mongolia.
96
Baha'i
1844. Iran. Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad, the Bab. In Iran, viewed as heritics. Husayn 'Ali Nuri (Baha'u'llah, 'glory of god') was a prophet of god.
97
Confusanism
Moral code based in humanness/family loyalty
98
Daoism
Happiness lies in maintaining harmony with nature.
99
Shintoism
Japan. Ethnic. Nature/ancestor worship. 19th century, became state religion of Japan. No longer state religion. Prayers to ancestors, shrines to house deities.

Humanities Vocabulary (6 decks)

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