Vocab Words/ Look Closer

Question 1

Primates

Answer 1

Members of the mammalian order Primates, which includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 2

Anthropoids

Answer 2

Members of the primate infra order Anthropoidea, which includes monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 3

Primate Charcteristics

Answer 3

body hair, long gestation periods follow by live birth; mammary glands, hereodonty (different types of teeth), endothermy (maintain internal heat), increased brain size, considerable capacity for learning and behavioral flexibility

Question 4

Primate Limb Structure & Locomotive

Answer 4

-Tendency toward an erect posture
-Flexible generalized line structure; numerous forms of locomotion
-Retained bones (clavicles)
-Rotation of forearm

Question 5

Morphology

Answer 5

The form (shape, size) of anatomical structures; can also refer to the entire organism

Question 6

Prehensile Hands

Answer 6

primates use their hands and frequently their feet to grasp and manipulate objects

-retention of five digits (ancestral)
-opposable thumb, most species a partially opposable big toe (derived)
-nails instead of claws (derived) *Lemurs and Lorises being an exception amongst the new world monkeys
Tactile pads with sensory nerve fibers at end of digits (derived trait)

Question 7

Omnivorous

Answer 7

Having a diet consisting of many food types, such as plant materials, meat, and insects
-lack of specialized diet (ancestral)

Question 8

Generalized Detention

Answer 8

(ancestral trait) Primate teeth are not specialized for only one type of food.

Question 9

Diurnal

Answer 9

active during the day

Question 10

Olfaction

Answer 10

sense of smell

Question 11

Nocturnal

Answer 11

active at night

Question 12

senses and the brain

Answer 12

-changes in skull, eyes, and brain (derived)
-Color vision (derived)
-Depth Perception (derived)
-Decreased Reliance on the sense of smell (olfaction)(derived)
-Expansion and increased complexity of the brain (derived)

Question 13

Stereoscopic Vision

Answer 13

The condition whereby visual images are, to varying degrees, superimposed. This provides for depth perception, or viewing the external environment in three dimensions. Stereoscopic vision is partly a function of structures in the brain

Question 14

Binocular Vision

Answer 14

Vision characterized by overlapping vision fields provided by forward-facing eyes. Binocular vision is essential to depth perception.

Question 15

Hemisphere

Answer 15

One of two halves of the cerebrum, which are connected by a dense mass of fibers. (the large rounded outer portion of the brain)

Question 16

Neocortex

Answer 16

More recently evolved portions of the cortex (outer layer) of the brain that are involved with higher mental functions and composed of areas that integrate incoming information from different sensory organs.

Question 17

Sensory Modalities

Answer 17

Different forms of sensation (e.g. touch, pain, pressure, heat, cold, vision, taste, hearing, and smell)

Question 18

Primate Maturation, Learning and Behavior

Answer 18

-More efficient means of fetal nourishment, longer gestation, reduced # of offspring, delayed maturation, extension of entire life span (derived)
-Flexible, learned behavior (derived)
-Live in social groups and percent association of adult males with group (derived)
-Tendency toward *Diurnal activity (derived)

Question 19

A Closer Look: Primate Cranial Anatomy

Answer 19

Primate: Face is shortened and the size of the brain case
-Primate eye sockets are enclosed at the sides by a ring of bone *Postorbital Bar
- Auditory Bulla: bony structure encircling the ear
-Base of skull is somewhat flexed; muzzle is positioned lower relative to the brain case

Question 20

environmental circumstances

Answer 20

several interrelated variables, including climate, diet, habitat (woodland, grassland, forest, etc) and predation pressure

Question 21

Arboreal

Answer 21

Tree living; adapted to life in the trees

Question 22

Adaptive Niche

Answer 22

An organism’s entire way of life, where it lives, what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators etc

Question 23

Dental Formula

Answer 23

Numerical device that indicates the number of each type of tooth in each quadrant of the upper and lower jaws

Question 24

Cusps

Answer 24

The bumps on the chewing surface of the premolars and molars

-adapted for tearing meat (carnassial teeth!

Question 25

Quadrupedal

Answer 25

Using four limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic mammalian (and primate) form of locomotion

Question 26

Lemurs and Tarsiers Locomotion

Answer 26

Vertical clinging and leaping

Question 27

Branchiation

Answer 27

Arm swinging, a form of locomotion used by some primates. Brachiation involves hanging from a branch and moving by alternating swinging from one arm to the other “monkey bars”

Question 28

Prehensile Tail

Answer 28

served as an effective grasping fifth hand *Exclusively New World phenomenon; not seen in old world primates

Question 29

Primate Classification

Answer 29

Primate order; consists of 230 species, belongs to a larger group, the class Mammalia Primate order (all primates) Suborder (primates are divided into two smaller categories: Strepsirrihuni (lemurs and lorises) and Haplorhini (tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans)

Question 30

Strepsirrihini

Answer 30

The primate suborder that includes lemurs and lorises

Question 31

Haplorhini

Answer 31

The primate suborder that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 32

Rhinarium

Answer 32

The moist hairless pad at the end of the nose seen in most mammalian species. The rhinarium enhances an animals ability to smell

Question 33

Dental Comb

Answer 33

Lemurs and Lorises posses this. foward projecting lower incisors and canines. used for grooming and feeding

Question 34

Lemurs

Answer 34

-Found only on island of Madagascar -Only non human primates on the island -103 known lemur species -91% lemur species threatened with extinction -Seveal species live in groups of 10-25 w/ males and females of all ages

Question 36

Lorises

Answer 36

-Survived in Africa and Asia by being nocturnal -At least 8 loris species, tropical forests and woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, Southeat Asia, and Africa Galago species 6-9 species widely distributed throughout most of forests and woodland savanna areas of sub-suhara africa

Question 37

Tarsiers

Answer 37

5 recognized species, all of which restricted to the islands of southeast asia (malaysia, borneo, sumatra, and the philippines) -Nocturnal insectivores -Highly specialized (derived) animals

Question 38

New World Monkeys

Answer 38

70 New World species can be found in wide range of arboreal environments -Almost exclusively arboreal New World vs Old= shape of nose to differentiate; New World monkeys have broad noses with outward facing nostrils; old world monkeys have narrower noses with downward facing nostrils

Question 39

Platyrrhine

Answer 39

flat nosed

Question 40

Catarrhine

Answer 40

downward facing nose

Question 41

Ceropithecidae

Answer 41

Taxonomic family that includes all old world monkeys

Question 42

Cercopithicinae

Answer 42

Taxonomic subfamily of old world monkeys that have cheek pouches for storing food. Includes macaques, baboons, and several other species of monkey that use both arboreal and terrestrial habitats

Question 43

Ceropithecidae

Answer 43

Taxonomic family that includes all old world monkeys

Question 44

Cercopithecines

Answer 44

Common name for members of the subfamily of old world monkeys that includes baboons, macaques, and guenons

Question 45

Colobinae

Answer 45

Taxonomic subfamily of old world leaf eating monkeys that have reduced thumbs and multi chambered stomachs, includes colobus monkeys, proboscis monkey, and langurs

Question 46

Colobines

Answer 46

Common name for monkeys of the subfamily of old world monkeys that includes the african colobus monkeys and asian langurs

Question 48

A closer look: Aye-Ayes: victims of derived traits and superstitions

Answer 48

Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) a type of lemur -the only member of their genus; second species (subfossil lemur) were exterminated by humans -Feed on insects and grubs that live in tree bark Dental Formula: 1.0.1.3 top and 1.0.0.3 bottom -no canine teeth and no lower premolars, although one upper molar Believed to be bad lack and live in a life of condemnation; about only 2,500 live in the wild and a dozen or so in captivity Malagasy do not find them endearing; the inhabitants of Madagascar

Question 50

Bushmeat Trade

Answer 50

meat from wild animals, especially in Africa. Now accounts for an annual loss of tens of thousands of nonhuman primates and other animals The society for conservation biology estimates that 6000kg (13,228lbs) of bushmeat is taken through just seven western cities (new york, london, toronto, paris, montreal, chicago, and brussels) every month

Question 51

Behavioral ecology

Answer 51

the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of the natural selection. Behaviors and behavioral patterns have been favored because they increase the reproductive fitness of individuals in specific environmental contexts :(

Question 52

Behavioral Genetics

Answer 52

study of how genes affect behavior, is a relatively new field and we don’t know to what extent genes actually affect behavior

Question 53

Social Structure

Answer 53

the composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals. The social structure of a species is, in part, the result of natural selection in a specific habitat, and it guides individual interactions and social relationships

Question 54

Factors that influence social structure

Answer 54

Body size, basal metabolic rate, diet distribution of resources, predation, dispersal, life histories, strategies, distribution and types of sleeping sites, activity patterns, human activities

Question 55

Matrilines

Answer 55

Groups that consists of a female, her daughters, and their offspring. matrilines are common among macaques (one male- to multi female group)

Question 56

non human primate social groups

Answer 56

1. one male- multi female : a single adult male, several adult females and offspring. most common in a primate mating structure 2.Multimale -multi female: several adult males, several adult females and their young. 3. Monogamous Paid: a mated pair and their young. Monogamous in the name is misleading, mating with others is not uncommon. least common breeding structure among non human primates 4. Polyandrous: one female and two males. only seen in some new world monkeys. males participate in infant care 5. solitary individuals who forage for food alone, seen in nocturnal primates such as aye-ayes . in some species adult females may forage in pairs

Question 57

Life History traits

Answer 57

characteristics and developmental stages that influence reproductive rates . ex: longevity, age at sexual maturity, and length of time between births

Question 58

Dominance hierarchies

Answer 58

systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another . higher ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items and mating partners than lower ranking individuals. dominance hierarchies are sometimes called “pecking orders”