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LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolism

A

Process of building large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Process where nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Structure surrounding cell., determines what can and cannot enter cell

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Rod like structures in nucleus that contains genes. There is 46 in every cell (23 pairs) except for sperm and egg which contain 23 individual, separated chromosomes

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All material outside nucleus but still contained within the cell wall

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6
Q

DNA

A

Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes, directs activity of cells

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7
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of canals within cytoplasm. Large proteins are made here from smaller protein pieces

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8
Q

Genes

A

Regions of DNA within each chromosome

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9
Q

Karyotype

A

Picture of chromosomes in nucleus of cell, can show mutations etc.

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of the chemical process in a cell

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Rod shaped structures in cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy for the cell (catabolism is the process that occurs in mitochondria)

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Control Center of cell, contains chromosomes and directs activities of cell

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13
Q

Organs

A

Different types of tissue combine to form organs

EX. The stomach is composed of muscle tissue, nervous tissue and glandular epithelial tissue

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14
Q

Systems

A

Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

EX. The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines are organs that do the work of digestive system to digest food and absorb it into blood stream

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15
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Collection of fat cells

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16
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints, forms part of external ear and nose, rings of cartilage surround trachea

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17
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Skin cells that cover outside of body and line internal surfaces of organs

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18
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box, located above trachea

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19
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat, serves as common passageway for food and air

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20
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland at base of brain

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21
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland that surrounds trachea in the neck

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22
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe, leads to bronchial tubes

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23
Q

Ureter

A

One of two tides leading from each kidney to urinary bladder

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24
Q

Uterus

A

Womb, organ that old embryo/fetus as it develops

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25
Q

Viscera

A

Internal organs in main cavities of the body

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26
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Space below chest, contains liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines. AKA abdomen/ peritoneal cavity

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27
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Space in head containing brain and surrounded by skull

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28
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle separating abdominal and thoracic cavities, moves up and down and ands in breathing

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29
Q

Mediastinum

A

Centrally located space outside of and between lungs

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30
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Space below abdomen, contains portions of intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

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31
Q

Pleura

A

Double folded membrane surrounding each lung

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32
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space between the pleural layers

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33
Q

Spinal cavity

A

Space within the spinal column contains the spinal cord

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34
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Space in chest contains heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus and other organs

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35
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Pertains to the back

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36
Q

Ventral (anterior

A

Pertains to the front

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37
Q

Right hypochondriac region

A

Right upper region below the cartilage of ribs that extend over the abdomen

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38
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

Left upper region below the rib cartilage

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39
Q

Epigastric region

A

Region above the stomach

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40
Q

Right lumbar region

A

Right middle region near the waist

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41
Q

Left lumbar region

A

Left middle region near the waist

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42
Q

Umbilical region

A

Region of the navel or umbilicus

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43
Q

Right inguinal region

A

Right lower region near the groin, which is the are where the legs join the trunk of body. AKA right iliac region because it lies near the ilium (ripper portion of hip bone)

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44
Q

Left inguinal region

A

Left lower region near the groin. AKA left iliac region

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45
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Middle lower region below umbilical region

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46
Q

Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

Contains liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small intestine and large intestines

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47
Q

Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

Contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

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48
Q

Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

Contains parts of small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

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49
Q

Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

Contains parts of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

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50
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface. Example — the stab wound is penetrated deep into the abdomen

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51
Q

Superficial

A

On the surface. Example — superficial veins can be viewed through the skin

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52
Q

Proximal

A

Near the point of attachment. Example — the proximal end of the femur joins with the hip socket

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53
Q

Distal

A

Far from point of attachment. Example — at its distal end, the femur joins with the knee

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54
Q

Inferior

A

Below another structure. Example — the feet are at the inferior part of the body

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55
Q

Superior

A

Above another structure. Example — the head lies superior to the neck

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56
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the middle, near medial plane of the body. Example — when in anatomical position, the fifth finger (pinky) is medial

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57
Q

Lateral

A

Pertains to the side. Example — when in anatomical position the thumb is lateral

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58
Q

Supine

A

Lying on back. Example — the painting lies supine during an examination of the abdomen

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59
Q

Prone

A

Lying on belly. Example — the backbones are examined with patient in prone position

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60
Q

Cheeks

A

Form walls of oral cavity

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61
Q

Lips

A

Surround opening of cavity

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62
Q

Hard palate

A

Forms anterior portion of roof of mouth

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63
Q

Soft palate

A

Lies posterior to hard palate and is muscular

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64
Q

Rugae

A

Irregular ridges in mucous membrane covering anterior portion of hard palate

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65
Q

Uvula

A

Small soft tissue that hangs from soft palate, aids in production of sound and speech

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66
Q

Tongue

A

Extends across floor of oral cavity, moves food during mastication and deglutition

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67
Q

Papillae

A

Small raised areas on tongue, contain taste buds

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68
Q

Tonsils

A

Lie on both sides of oropharynx, filters that protect the body from invasion, produce lymphocytes

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69
Q

Gums

A

Fleshy tissue surrounding the sockets of teeth

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70
Q

Teeth

A

Aid in mastication, rip and tear food

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71
Q

Crown

A

Part that shows above gum line

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72
Q

Root

A

Lies within bony tooth socket

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73
Q

Enamel

A

Protects the tooth

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74
Q

Dentin

A

Main substance of tooth, lies beneath enamel and extends throughout crown

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75
Q

Cementum

A

Covers, protects, and supports dentin in root

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76
Q

Pulp

A

Lies underneath dentin, fills Center of tooth, blood vessels, nerve endings etc. are within pulp canal

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77
Q

Periodontal membrane

A

Surround cementum and holds tooth in place in tooth socket

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78
Q

Salivary glands

A

Surround and empty into oral cavity. Exocrine glands that produce saliva which lubricates mouth, contains important digestive enzymes as well as healing growth factors these gland all produce saliva and narrow ducts carry saliva into oral cavity, these gland produce about 1.5L of saliva daily

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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79
Q

Esophagus

A

9-10 inch fibromuscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach

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80
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary , progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in wall of esophagus propelling a bolus down toward stomach

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81
Q

Bolus

A

Mass of food

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82
Q

Stomach

A

Prepares food for small intestine, food leaves stomach in 1-4 hours depending on amount and type eaten

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83
Q

Fundus

A

Upper portion of stomach

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84
Q

Body (of stomach)

A

Middle portion of stomach

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85
Q

Antrum

A

Lower portion of stomach

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86
Q

Sphincters

A

Control openings into and leading out of the stomach

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87
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

Relaxes and contracts to move food from esophagus into the stomach

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88
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Allows food to leave stomach and enter small intestine when it’s ready

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89
Q

Rugae (ins stomach)

A

Folds in mucous membrane lining stomach, increases surface area for digestion and contain glands that secrete enzyme pepsin to begin digestion of proteins

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90
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Secreted to digest protein and kill bacteria remains in food

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91
Q

Small intestine

A

Extends for 20 ft from pyloric sphincter to first part of large intestine

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92
Q

Duodenum

A

First section, 1 ft long, receives food from stomach as well as bile from liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juices from pancreas

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93
Q

Jejunum

A

Second section, 8 ft long

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94
Q

Ileum

A

Third section, 11 ft long, attached to first part of large intestine

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95
Q

Villi

A

Microscopic projections that line walls of small intestine, absorb nutrients, create surface area

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96
Q

Large intestine

A

Extends from end of ileum to anus

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97
Q

Cecum

A

Pouch of right side that connects to ileum at ileocecal valve

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98
Q

Appendix

A

Hangs from cecum, no clear function

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99
Q

Ascending colon

A

Extends from cecum to undersurface of liver, where it turns into hepatic flexors to become transverse colon

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100
Q

Transverse colon

A

Passes horizontally to the left toward the spleen and then turns downward (splenic flexure) into descending colon

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101
Q

Descending colon

A

Connects to transverse colon and sigmoid colon, stores stool that will eventually empty into rectum

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102
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Connects descending colon to rectum

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103
Q

Rectum

A

Where stool is stored, immediately follows sigmoid colon

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104
Q

Anus

A

End of large intestine, opens to outside to release stool

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105
Q

Liver

A

Located in RUQ, manufactures bile continuously, which travels through hepatic duct and meets cystic duct which leads to gallbladder

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106
Q

Gallbladder

A

Pear shaped sac under liver, store and concentrates bile for later use, after meals, gallbladder contracts forcing bile out of cystic duct into common bile duct

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107
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juices (enzymes) that’s re released into pancreatic duct, which joins with common bile duct just as it enters duodenum

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108
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of materials through walls of SI into bloodstream

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109
Q

Amino acids

A

Small building blocks of proteins released when proteins are digested

110
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme secreted by pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

111
Q

Bile

A

Digestive juice made in liver and stored in gallbladder

112
Q

Bowel

A

Intestine

113
Q

Canine teeth

A

Pointed, dog like teeth, next to incisors

114
Q

Colon

A

Portion of LI consisting of ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid segments

115
Q

Common bile duct

A

Carries bile from liver and gall bladder to the duodenum

116
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of feces from digestive tract through the anus

117
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

118
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of complex foods into similar forms

119
Q

Elimination

A

Removal of material from the body

120
Q

Emulsification

A

Breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

121
Q

Enzyme

A

Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances

122
Q

Fatty acids

A

Substances produced when fats are digested

123
Q

Feces

A

Solid wastes

124
Q

Incisor

A

Any one of four front teeth in dental arch

125
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by endocrine cells of pancreas, helps transport sugar into body cells

126
Q

Lipase

A

Pancreatic enzyme, necessary to digest fats

127
Q

Molar teeth

A

Three large, flat teeth at back of mouth on both sides

128
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

129
Q

Portal vein

A

Large vein bringing blood to liver from intestines

130
Q

Protease

A

Enzyme that digests protein

131
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol

132
Q

Saliva

A

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands, begins digestion of starch to sugar

133
Q

Pylorus

A

Distal region of the stomach, opening tot he duodenum

134
Q

Arteriole

A

Small artery

135
Q

Calciferol

A

Active form of vitamin D p, secreted by kidney

136
Q

Calyx/calix (pl.calyces/calices)

A

Cup like collecting region of renal pelvis

137
Q

Catheter

A

Tube for injecting or removing fluids

138
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region of an organ

139
Q

Creatinine

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine, product of muscle metabolism

140
Q

Electrolyte

A

Chemical element that Carrie’s an electrical charge when dissolved in water, necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves

141
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells

142
Q

Filtration

A

Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter

143
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus (AKA bowman’s capsule) collects material that is filtered from blood through walls of glomerulus

144
Q

Glomerulus (pl.glomeruli)

A

Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

145
Q

Hilium

A

Depression in the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

146
Q

Meatus

A

Opening or canal

147
Q

Medulla

A

Inner region of organ

148
Q

Nephron

A

Functional unit of kidney, combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption and secretion take place in the kidney

149
Q

Nitrogenous waste

A

Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine (urea, uric acid, creatinine)

150
Q

Potassium

A

Electrolyte regulated by the kidneys, so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood 

151
Q

Reabsorption

A

Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream 

152
Q

Renal artery

A

Blood vessel that carries blood to kidney

153
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Central collecting region in the kidney

154
Q

Renal tubule

A

Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration 

155
Q

Renal vein

A

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart 

156
Q

Renin

A

Enzyme secreted by the kidney, raises blood pressure when influencing vasoconstriction

157
Q

Sodium

A

Electrolyte regulated in the blood in your by the, needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions 

158
Q

Trigone

A

Triangular area in the urinary bladder

159
Q

Urea

A

Major nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine

160
Q

Urethra

A

Tube leading from urinary bladder to outside of body 

161
Q

Uric acid

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

162
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine

163
Q

Urination

A

Process of expelling urine (micturition)

164
Q

Ovaries

A

Pair of small almond shaped organs located in the pelvis

165
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Lead from each ovary to the uterus

166
Q

Uterus

A

Fibromuscular organ situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum. The uterus normally is the size and shape of a pear and is about 3 to 4 inches long in a non pregnant woman

167
Q

Cul - de - sac

A

A region in the abdominal cavity midway between the uterus and the rectum

168
Q

Bartholin glands

A

Two small, rounded glands on either side of the vaginal orifice, they produce a mucous secretion that lubricates the vagina

169
Q

Clitoris

A

And organ of sensitive, erectile tissue located anterior to the vaginal orifice and in front of the urethral orifice

170
Q

Perineum

A

The region between the vaginal orifice and the anus

171
Q

Mons pubis

A

Pad of tissue overlying the pubic symphysis, after puberty it is covered with hair

172
Q

Labia majora

A

Outer lips of the vagina

173
Q

Labia minora

A

Smaller, inner lips of the vagina

174
Q

Hymen

A

Thin membrane covering entrance to the vagina

175
Q

Utero-ovarian ligament

A

Holds each ovary in place on each side of the uterus

176
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

Thousands of small sacs within each ovary

177
Q

Ovum

A

Mature egg cell

178
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Ruptured follicle filled with yellow fat like material, secretes hormones that maintain the very first stages of pregnancy

179
Q

Fallopian tube

A

About 5 1/2 inches long, lies near each ovary, fertilization occurs here

180
Q

Adnexa

A

Accessory structures of the uterus

181
Q

Fimbrae

A

Finger like ends of the fallopian tube, catch egg after its release from the ovary

182
Q

Cilia

A

Small hairs that line the fallopian tube and sweep ovum toward uterus

183
Q

Fundus(uterus)

A

Rounded upper portion of uterus

184
Q

Corpus (uterus)

A

Larger central portion of uterus

185
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner layer, specialized epithelial mucosa of the uterus

186
Q

Myometrium

A

Middle muscular layer of the uterine wall

187
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outer membranous tissue layer produces watery, serum like secretion

188
Q

Cervix

A

Narrow, lowermost portion of the uterus

189
Q

Vagina

A

Mucosa lined canal, opens up to outside of body

190
Q

Glandular tissue

A

Contains milk glands that develop in response to hormones from the ovaries during puberty

191
Q

Mammary papilla

A

The breast nipple

192
Q

Areola

A

Dark pigmented area around the mammary papilla

193
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

194
Q

Adnexa uteri

A

fallopian tubes, ovaries and supporting ligaments

195
Q

Amnion

A

Innermost membrane surrounding the embryo and fetus

196
Q

Areola

A

Dark pigmented area surrounding nipple

197
Q

Bartholin glands

A

Small mucous secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orfice

198
Q

Cervix

A

Lower, neck like portion of the uterus

199
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane surrounding the embryo and fetus

200
Q

Clitoris

A

Organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of female urethra

201
Q

Coitus

A

Sexual intercourse

202
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell

203
Q

Cul-de-sac

A

Region in the lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and the uterus

204
Q

Embryo

A

Stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks

205
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus

206
Q

Estrogen

A

Hormone produced by ovaries, promotes female secondary sex characteristics

207
Q

Fallopian tube

A

One of a pair of ducts through which the ovum travels to the uterus

208
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of the sperm and ovum from which the embryo develops

209
Q

Fetus

A

Stage in prenatal development from 8 weeks to birth

210
Q

Fimbrae

A

Finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

211
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell

212
Q

Gamete

A

Male or female sexual reproductive cell

213
Q

Genitalia

A

Reproductive organs

214
Q

Gestation

A

Time period from fertilization of ovum to birth; pregnancy

215
Q

Gonad

A

Female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones; ovaries/testes

216
Q

Gynecology

A

Study of female reproductive organs

217
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

Hormone produced by placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

218
Q

Hymen

A

Mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina

219
Q

Labia

A

Lips of vagina

220
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Tubes that carry milk from mammary glands to the nipple

221
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Secreted by pituitary gland to promote ovulation

222
Q

Mammary papilla

A

Nipple of breast

223
Q

Menarche

A

Beginning of first menstrual period and ability to reproduce

224
Q

Menopause

A

Gradual ending of menstruation

225
Q

Menstruation

A

Monthly shedding of uterine lining

226
Q

Myometrium

A

Muscle layer of uterus

227
Q

Neonatology

A

Study of the medical care of newborn

228
Q

Obstretics

A

Branch of medicine and surgery concerned with pregnancy and childbirth

229
Q

Orfice

A

An opening

230
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

Developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary

231
Q

Ovary

A

One of a pair of female organs on each side of pelvis

232
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of ovum from ovary

233
Q

Ovum

A

Mature egg cell

234
Q

Parturition

A

Act of giving birth

235
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outermost layer of uterus

236
Q

Perineum

A

In females the area between the ants and vagina

237
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland at base of brain, produces hormones that stimulate ovaries

238
Q

Placenta

A

Vascular organ attached to uterine wall during pregnancy

239
Q

Progesterone

A

Hormone produced by corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnancy women

240
Q

Puberty

A

Period of adolescent development at which secondary sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced

241
Q

Uterus

A

Hollow pear shaped muscular female organ in which embryo and fetus develop, and from which menstruation occurs

242
Q

Vagina

A

Muscular mucosa lined canal extending from uterus to exterior of body

243
Q

Vulva

A

External female genitalia; includes labia,hymen,clitoris, and vaginal, orfice

244
Q

Zygote

A

Stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implanting up to 2 weeks

245
Q

BULBOURETHRAL glands

A

Pair of exocrine glands near the male urethra secrete fluid into urethra also called coppers gland

246
Q

Circumcision

A

Removal of the prepuce, it is a common elective procedure perform shortly after birth

247
Q

Ejaculation

A

Ejection of sperm and fluid from the male urethra

248
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Tube through which semen enters the male urethra

249
Q

Epididymis

A

One of a pair of long tightly coiled tubes above each testes it stores and carry sperm from semineferous tubules to the vas deferens

250
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Inability of an adult male to achieve an erection

251
Q

Flagellum

A

Hair like projection on a sperm cell that makes it motile

252
Q

Foreskin

A

Full of skin covering the head of the penis (prepuce)

253
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Two infants resulting from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm cells

254
Q

Glans penis

A

Sensitive tip of the penis, comparable to the clitoris in the female

255
Q

Identical twins

A

Two infants resulting from division of one fertilized egg

256
Q

Infertility

A

In a man any problem that lowers the chances of his female partner getting pregnant

257
Q

Interstitial cells of testes

A

Specialize cells, that lie adjacent to the semineferious tubules in the testes

258
Q

Parenchymal tissue

A

Essential distinctive cells of an organ. In the testes, the seminiferous tubes that produce sperm are parenchymal

259
Q

Penis

A

Male, external organ of reproduction

260
Q

Perineum

A

External region between anus and scrotum in the mail

261
Q

Prepuce

A

Foreskin full of skin covering the tip of penis

262
Q

Prostate gland

A

Exocrine gland at the base of the male urinary bladder. The prostate secretes fluid that contributes to semen during ejaculation.

263
Q

Scrotum

A

External sack that contains the testes

264
Q

Semen

A

Spermatozoa and seminal fluid discharge from the urethra during ejaculation

265
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Paired sac like exocrine glands that secrete fluid into the vas deferens

266
Q

Seminiferous tubule

A

Narrow coiled tubules that produce sperm in the testes

267
Q

Spermatozoon

A

Sperm cell

268
Q

Sterilization

A

Procedure that removes a persons, ability to produce or release reproductive cells; removal of testicles, vasectomy, and oophorectomy are sterilization procedures

269
Q

Stromal tissue

A

Supportive connective tissue of an organ as distinguished from it parenchyma

270
Q

Testis

A

Male gonad that produces spermatozoa, and testosterone

271
Q

Testosterone

A

Hormone secreted by the interstitial tissue of testes responsible for male sex characteristics

272
Q

Vas deferens

A

Narrow tube, carrying sperm from the epidermis toward the urethra

LANGUAGE OF MEDICINE (9 decks)

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