Voice

Question 1

The ____________________adduct the vocal processes and membranous vocal folds, while the ______________________adduct the cartilaginous or posterior glottis

Answer 1

lateral cricoarytenoids ; interarytenoids

Question 2

The cricothyroid muscle is responsible for increases in frequency and is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 2

False

Question 3

When the thyroarytenoid muscles contract they

Answer 3

shorten the vocal folds, increase medial compression by bulking the vocal folds, can increase or decrease frequency

Question 4

Changes in the composition of the___________can result in a decreased mucosal wave

Answer 4

superficial lamina propria

Question 5

The deep layer of the laminia propria is composed of mainly elastin fibers and interstitial fluids.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

The basement membrane zone is responsible for attachment of the _________to the ____________.

Answer 6

epithelium; superficial lamina propria

Question 7

The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of cranial nerve ___and provides motor innervation to _______and carries sensory information from the ______________________.

Answer 7

CN X ; the cricothyroid ; supraglottic area

Question 8

The geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles are ____________ and function to ______ the hyoid and larynx

Answer 8

suprahyoid muscles ; elevate

Question 9

The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates _________. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is more common on the ______side

Answer 9

all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid ; left

Question 10

The _________ and _________ muscles have their insertions on the _________ of the ________ cartilage

Answer 10

posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid ; muscular processes ; arytenoid

Question 11

Elastic recoil plays an important role in vocal fold closure during vibration

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The aerodynamic force that is responsible for opening the vocal folds is _______, while the aerodynamic force which helps to close the vocal folds is __________ that results from the __________

Answer 12

subglottal pressure ; negative pressure ; Bernoulli Effect

Question 13

The Body - Cover Model of Frequency Control states that during high intensity phonation contraction of the TA muscle

Answer 13

will increase pitch as long as the cricothyroid muscle is not at maximum activity

Question 14

Fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration depends on

Answer 14

vocal fold length, mass, and elasticity

Question 15

The convergent glottal shape occurs when the vocal folds are _____ and the net tissue velocity (i.e. movement) is ________.

Answer 15

opening; outward

Question 16

In the One Mass Model (Vocal Tract Inertance) of vocal fold vibration, sustained phonation is driven by

Answer 16

alternating positive and negative supraglottic and transglottic (intraglottic) pressures

Question 17

A vocal register is

Answer 17

a series of pitches perceived to be of the same timbre or quality, a series of pitches produced in the same physiological manner

Question 18

Vocal quality (i.e. roughness, breathiness etc.) is determined by

Answer 18

degree of glottic closure and periodicity of VF vibration

Question 19

The mucosal wave is an apparent sliding motion of the vocal fold cover over the vocal fold body.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

In order to produce high vocal intensity (loud phonation)

Answer 20

the vocal folds must adduct completely, the closed phase of vibration must be longer than the open phase, respiratory drive must be adequate and subglottal pressure relatively high, the vocal folds must close rapidly

Question 21

Intrinsic laryngeal muscle tension may be observed during endoscopic exam as

Answer 21

anterior - posterior compression, medial-lateral compression, and supraglottic compression or sphinctering

Question 22

Puberphonia is a ________ disorder and is characterized by _______ phonation.

Answer 22

Functional; high pitch

Question 23

Paradoxical VF Movement occurs when

Answer 23

the VFs ADduct during inhalation

Question 24

Essential Tremor is a/an

Answer 24

Neurological disorder

Question 25

ABductor spasmodic dysphonia is characterized by

Answer 25

breathiness and difficulty transitioning from voiceless stops to vowels

Question 26

Bilateral VF adductor paralysis results in

Answer 26

the inability to adduct or close the VFs, risks to airway safety during swallowing

Question 27

The cause/s of VF granulomas is/are

Answer 27

Intubation injury, acid reflux, vocal abuse/misuse | MALES

Question 28

Sulcus vocalis

Answer 28

is a longitudinal groove along the entire medial VF edge, may be due to a ruptured cyst or may be congenital

Question 29

Laryngomalacia

Answer 29

results in soft, floppy laryngeal cartilages that collapse into the airway usually resolves with maturity is characterized by inspiratory stridor

Question 30

Reinke’s edema is

Answer 30

Very often related to smoking

Question 31

Vocal fold nodules are typically

Answer 31

Bilateral, occur on Superficial Lamina Propria (SLP)

Question 32

Vocal fold cysts will cause the mucosal wave to be__________ or ________, while Reinke’s edema may cause the mucosal wave to be ________________.

Answer 32

Decreased or absent; increased

Question 33

VF hemorrhage will cause increased VF

Answer 33

stiffness

Question 34

You are about to perform a videostroboscopic exam on a patient with nodules. What might you expect to observe ?

Answer 34

Hourglass closure

Question 35

T/F: Muscle tension dysphonia can occur alone as a primary disorder without the presence of a lesion on the vocal folds or other existing vocal fold pathology, or it can be secondary to primary vocal fold pathology such as vocal fold nodules or vocal fold paralysis.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

T/F: A unilateral cerebral stroke can result in unilateral VF paralysis.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

T/F: Vocal Fold cysts may be due to vocal abuse/misuse, the result of which is a blocked mucous gland, or they may be congenital.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F: During a videostroboscopic exam, the ‘locked’ mode is used to assess the periodicity of VF vibration. If the VF vibration is aperiodic, the VFs will appear to ‘stand still’ and will not change position.

Answer 38

False

Question 39

T/F: Phase asymmetry is when the duration of the open phase of the VF vibratory cycle is greater than, or less than, the duration of the closed phase of the vibratory cycle.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

T/F: The vocal fold vibration that is recorded and viewed during videostroboscopy is ‘real time’ vocal fold vibration, i.e. you are able to see each individual vocal fold vibration in its entirety.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

Laryngeal webs

Answer 41

can be congenital, acquired post-surgically, or after trauma result in stridor are an organic disorder

Question 42

Which of the following would most typically characterize the vocal quality of a person with Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 42

breathy and monotone with decreased loudness

Question 43

Who is LSVT used for?

Answer 43

Parkinsons Cerebral Palsy TBI a. Sustained loud /a/ b. Pitch glides up and down c. Use of loud voice for functional phrases, sentences, paragraphs, conversation d. Take use of loud voice out of clinic into public settings

Question 44

T/F: VF nodules accounts for 50% of acquired pediatric disorders.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Trauma to the RLN will cause?

Answer 45

VF paralysis

Question 46

T/F: adults who had nodules as children have a greater risk for voice problems as an adult.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What are the most common disorders for elderly?

Answer 47

Laryngeal cancer (men) VF paralysis Edema Nodules & polyps (> in women)

Question 48

Vocal Function Exercises are used for:

Answer 48

- hyperfunction disorders (phonotrauma, functional disorders) - hypofunctional disorders (presbylaryngis, vocal fold paresis, unilateral VF paralysis)

Question 49

Resonance Tx is used for:

Answer 49

Hyperfunctional Hypofunctional (decrease hyperfunction, decrease VF medial compression; increases loudness/ability to project)

Question 50

Accent method is used for:

Answer 50

Hyperfunctional Hypofunctional Focuses on abdominal breathing, aspirated vocal onset, rhythmic intonation in speech, appropriate pitch and loudness

Question 51

Flow Phonation is used for:

Answer 51

decreases medial compression, decreases laryngeal tension and may eliminate hard glottal attacks

Question 52

Eclectic Voice Therapy is used for:

Answer 52

Hyperfunctional | Decrease medial compression of VFs, eliminate muscle tension, increase breath support

Question 53

What is the only muscle innervated by the SLN?

Answer 53

cricothyroid

Question 54

What are the 5 vocal fold layers?

Answer 54

epithelium, superficial lamina propria, intermediate lamina propria, deep lamina propria, thyroarytenoid Every Singer is Down Town

Question 55

Characteristics of Nodules.

Answer 55

bilateral ant ⅓ post ⅔ , no diplophonia, chronic misuse, hourglass, decreased MW and amp, occur in SLP

Question 56

Characteristics of polyps.

Answer 56

superficial lamina propria, typically unilateral, false vocal, diplophonia, sessile/pedunculated, hourglass or irregular, increased or decreased MW

Question 57

Characteristics of Edema.

Answer 57

can be unilateral or bilateral, decrease in pitch range, loss of high pitch, dry throat, fatigue, usually complete closure

Question 58

Characteristics of VF hemorrhage

Answer 58

decreased pitch, dysphonia/hoarseness, decreased mucosal wave, decreased amplitude of vibration, looks like a “bruise”

Question 59

Characteristics of VF cysts

Answer 59

nilateral, women, mucosal wave absent in cyst region, require surgery, decreased loudness, breathy

Question 60

Botox injections are used for?

Answer 60

spasmodic dysphonia

Question 61

Unilateral VF paralysis is a lesion to?

Answer 61

RLN

Question 62

T/F: A vocal fold cyst always requires surgery?

Answer 62

True

Question 63

What type of onset is a polyp?

Answer 63

acute onset

Question 64

List the three types of spasmodic dysphonia

Answer 64

adductor, abductor, and mixed

Question 65

What is electoglottography?

Answer 65

an indirect measurement of VF contact areas

Question 66

What is a jitter?

Answer 66

cycle to cycle variation in the frequency, ie. period of vocal fold vibration

Question 67

What is a shimmer?

Answer 67

cycle to cycle variation in the amplitude of vocal fold vibration

Question 68

Electomyography is used to....

Answer 68

differentiate VF paralysis from arytenoid fixtaion | measure activity in the laryngeal muscles