Voice lecture 1

Question 1

Posterior

Answer 1

towards the back

Question 2

anterior

Answer 2

towards the front

Question 3

Ventral/Anterior

Answer 3

away from the backbone, toward front of body. Venter is latin for “belly”
“my belly button is ventral to my spine”

Question 4

Dorsal/posterior

Answer 4

toward the backbone, away from the front of the body, the posterior surface
“my kidneys are dorsal to my liver”

Question 5

caudal

Answer 5

toward the tale, away from the head, the caudal enquinus

“my iliac crests are caudal to my rib cage”

Question 6

rostral/cranial

Answer 6

toward the head, away from the tail.

“my jaw is rostral to my neck”

Question 7

contralateral

Answer 7

opposite side

“my left ear is contralateral to my right eye”

Question 8

ipsolateral

Answer 8

same side

“my right leg is ipsilateral to my right arm”

Question 9

superficial

Answer 9

near the outer surface of the organism

“the skin is superficial to the muscle layer”

Question 10

deep

Answer 10

further away from the surface, toward the center

“my lungs are deep to my ribs”

Question 11

superior

Answer 11

upper. the superior surface of brain, of the palate, of the tongue

Question 12

inferior

Answer 12

lower. the inferior aspect of the larynx, the heart, and tongue

Question 13

external

Answer 13

toward the outer surface. the external surface of the thoracic cavity

Question 14

internal

Answer 14

toward the inner surface. the internal surface of the thoracic

Question 15

medial

Answer 15

toward the axis or midline

Question 16

lateral

Answer 16

away from the midlnie

Question 17

proximal

Answer 17

toward the body or toward the root of a free extremity

Question 18

distal

Answer 18

away from the body or away from the root of a free extremity
“my elbows are distal to my shoulders”

Question 19

central

Answer 19

at the center.

“my spine is central”

Question 20

peripheral

Answer 20

at the outer edge “peripheral vision”

Question 21

frontal-coronal

Answer 21

perpendicular to the ground and separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back

Question 22

sagittal planes

Answer 22

perpendicular to the ground and separates left from right

Question 23

transverse plane

Answer 23

horizontal, cross sectional, perpendicular to the longitudinal lines, parallel to the ground, separates the superior from the inferior, head from feet

Question 24

abduction

Answer 24

a limb moved away from the central axis. also refers to the vocal folds moving away from each other, opening the airway

Question 25

adduction

Answer 25

a limb moving toward the central axis. the vocal folds closing together

Question 26

extension

Answer 26

straightening of a limb or lengthening of a muscle

Question 27

flexion

Answer 27

bending of a limb or shortening of a muscle

Question 28

the motor source

Answer 28

the lungs and muscles of a breathing and breath support

Question 29

the vibratory system

Answer 29

the larynx and its intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

Question 30

the resonator source

Answer 30

the larynopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, mouth, lips, and tongue that shape the sound

Question 31

What is the nasopharynx

Answer 31

higher most portion of the pharynx. extends from the base of the skill to the upper surface of the soft palate

Question 32

what is oropharynx

Answer 32

lies behind the oral cavity, extending from the uvula to the level of hyoid bone. Anterior wall consists of the base of the base of the tongue and epiglottis; superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and uvula. since both food and air pass through the pharynx, the epiglottis closes over the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent aspiration

Question 33

what is larynopharynx

Answer 33

part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. inferior to the epiglottis and extends to the location where this common pathway diverges into the respiratory (larynx) and digestive (esophagus) pathways

Question 34

the anatomy of the airway

Answer 34

1. nose or open mouth. nose is always open.
2. air goes into the nasopharynx and oropharynx and down the larynx
3. at the level of the larynx and above is the upper respiratory tract, from the larynx up
4. the air passes through the larynx and into the lower respiratory tract of the trachea. below the level of the larynx os the lower respiratory tract . The trachea is highly variable structure variable structure from one individual to another. it extends from the larynx to the point where the trachea divides into the right main stem bronchus and left main stem broncos

Question 35

Trachea

Answer 35

• composed of 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings
• 11-12 cm in length (about 5 inches)
• hyaline rings are shaped liked horseshoes
• back- posterior is open and surface is in direct contact with the esophagus
• on the anterior wall of the trachea is where a hole can punctured for a tracheostomy or tracheal stoma (artificial opening).
• a tracheotomy punctures the membranes of the trachea between the 3rd and 4th tracheal rings

Question 36

right/left bronchii

Answer 36

• at the carina the trachea divides into the
  R and L main stem Bronchii
• which then divide into secondary bronchii.
• there are 3 secondary bronchii on the right; and two on the left
• the secondary bronchii divide into tertiary bronchii with 10 branches
• approximately 24 divisions of the bronchial tree
• with fewer and fewer cartilaginous rings and more muscle. Smooth muscle can contract.
  Bronchial spasms are involved with asthma.

Question 37

terminol bronchioles

Answer 37

• bronchii are now divide into the terminal bronchioles that deliver air into the alveolar ducts and alveoli (air sacs) (per Andrews chp. 1- adult has 300 million alveoli)
• from the bronchioles down, the walls lack cartilage support- walls are smooth muscle

Question 38

Science of breath

Answer 38

• there are no tendons or adhesive tissues that attach the lungs to the walls of chest cavity.
• lungs are attached at the root (trachea into the bronchii, pulmonary arteries and veins) and the mediastinum (attached to the heart cavity by the pulmonary ligament, two layers of the pleurae).
• the pleura is a serous membrane that encase the lungs. There is also a pleura that lines the chest cavity, the thoracic cavity.

Question 39

science of breath con.

Answer 39

• two layers enclose a potential space, the pleural cavity
• the serous membrane is a thin layer of epithelial cells that secrete serum in order to reduce friction between two surfaces.
• it’s not surface tension that holds the lungs against the thoracic cavity, but it’s a vacuum

Question 40

science of breath cont. 3

Answer 40

• the rib cage expands, the lung tissue is stuck to the internal rib cage, a vacuum is created in the air sacs or alveoli of the lungs, and air rushes in to fill the vacuum.
• the two pleural cavities are separate- if one is punctured, the lung in that cavity will deflate.
• without the pleural vacuum holding the lung to the chest wall, the alveoli in that lung deflate like balloons.
• if one lung is punctured or deflated, the other needs to remain inflated for air exchange to take place

Question 41

total capacity

Answer 41

1. total air capacity of your lungs, basically the amount of air that can held in the lungs after maximum inspiration- different for everyone depending upon your physical condition
2. if you get out of shape, the number of alveoli doesn’t change, but the size, elasticity, and capacity of them changes.

Question 42

Tidal Volume

Answer 42

l. the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath cycle
2. about 340 cc in women; 750 cc in men

Question 43

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 43

the maximum amount of air that we can inspire beyond tidal volume. Usually around 1500 cc and 2000 cc above tidal volume

Question 44

the expiratory reserve volume

Answer 44

the expiratory reserve volume is the same as inspiratory reserve volume, about 1500cc to 2000 cc

Question 45

vital capacity

Answer 45

1. amount of air that can be exhaled after the deepest inhalation you can take which is equal to: Tidal Volume plus Inspiratory Volume plus Expiratory Reserve Volume. ( common pulmonary test.) Should be around 3500cc to 5000 cc.

Question 46

residual volume

Answer 46

1. not released in life; it’s always in the lungs because it’s purpose is to always keep the lungs partially inflated, otherwise the alveoli would collapse.