voice lecture 4

Question 1

divided into epithelium and lamina propria

Answer 1

mucosa

Question 2

what are the 3 divided layers in the lamina propria

Answer 2

superficial layer
intermediate layer
deep layer

Question 3

loose and pliant

Answer 3

superficial layer

Question 4

primarily elastic fibers

Answer 4

intermediate layer

Question 5

dense mostly collagenous fibers

Answer 5

deep layers

Question 6

• the ____ and superficial layer (Reinke’s space) of lamina propria is called the “cover”
• most lesions cover and affect mass and stiffness

Answer 6

epithelium

Question 7

made up of intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria. Thyroidarytenoid muscle forms the body of the folds

Answer 7

voice ligament

Question 8

Each layer of the vocal folds has different stiffness attributes which result in complex vibratory patterns which accounts for sound waves resulting in the unique human voice.

Answer 8

layer of folds

Question 9

laryngeal waves consists of _____ ______ which is a rate of fold vibration perceives as “pitch” and “harmonics”

Answer 9

fundamental frequency

Question 10

• depends on the length, mass, and tension of the folds; harmonics contribute the accoustic correlate of what is perceived as “quality” or “timbre”.
• “Loudness” is achieved by folds adducting firmly for a long closed phase, pressure builds up, when blown apart, vibrate more strongly – thus more displacement in vibrating column of air passing through glottis with greater amplitude and intensity.

Answer 10

rate of vibration

Question 11

the space between the vocal folds- the midpoint of the membranous portion of the folds is point where glottal space is widest during abduction- also the site of maximum impact when folds close during adduction– where lesions such as nodules may occur.

Answer 11

glottis

Question 12

a. Muscular forces adduct the vocal folds, creating midline compression
b. Exhaled air from lungs create subglottal pressure to overcome medial compression and displace the vocal folds, creating airflow through folds (aerodynamic)
c. Vocal folds recoil back to their resting position, closing at the midline before air pressure forces them open again

Answer 12

myloelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

most basic/accepted model of voicing

Question 13

air passing through the glottis increases in flow, and pulls the vocal folds back together due to the negative air pressure caused by the airflow (similar to large truck passing a car on the freeway and the force pulls car toward truck)

Answer 13

bernoulli effect

Question 14

believed that the Bernoulli effect was insufficient to explain “self sustained oscillation” of vocal folds during phonation … proposed the following:

Answer 14

titze 2000

Question 15

where the large stabilizing mass is the body, and the two smaller masses are the inferior and superior portions of the cover. When the area of the glottal opening at the bottom of the glottis is larger than at the top; a convergent glottis is formed, resulting in greater relative intraglottal pressure which forces the vocal folds apart. CONVERSELY when the area at the top of the glottis is larger, a divergent glottis is formed resulting in lower intraglottal pressure which pulls the vocal folds together.”

Answer 15

3 mass model of vocal fold oscillation

Question 16

• pattern of oscillation that is created by a continual opening and closing of the two masses of the vocal fold cover during voicing
• every opening and closing is one vibratory cycle
• Phase refers to: 1) open at the bottom; 2) open at the top 3) close at the bottom 4) close at the top

Answer 16

mucosal wave

Question 17

refers to time differential between the opening and the closing of the inferior and superior edges of the folds

Answer 17

vertical phase difference

Question 18

timing lag between the opening and closing of the folds – folds open from back to front and close in the reverse- from front to back

Answer 18

longitudinal phase difference

Question 19

initiation of sound produced as the folds begin to vibrate.

Answer 19

voice onset

Question 20

what are the 3 kinds of onset

Answer 20

breathy onset
simultaneous onset
hard glottal attack

Question 21

air flows through glottis before the vocal folds are adducted and vibrating

Answer 21

breathy onset

Question 22

air is flowing through glottis as vibration of the vocal folds and adduction begins

Answer 22

simultaneous onset

Question 23

air flows through the glottis after the vocal folds are adducted and vibration begins with a jolt

Answer 23

hard glottal attack

Question 24

controlled between the antagonistic relationships between the cricothryoid and thyroarytenoid muscles.

• when the cricothyroid muscle contracts, it stretches and thins the vocal folds which results in an increase in fundamental frequency
• when the thyroarytenoid muscle contracts, it shortens the vocal folds which results in a decrease in fundamental frequency
• trained singers learn to gradually release the thyroarytenoid and gradually contract the cricothyroid as they glide up in pitch, so transition between registers is not apparent

Answer 24

control of fundamental frequency

Question 25

interaction between: 1. subglottal pressure (chest pressure) 2. vocal fold adduction (when they close together 3. formant-harmonic tuning

Answer 25

control of loudness

Question 26

variation in frequency during vibratory cycles,

Answer 26

frequency perturbation or jitter

Question 27

variation in amplitude during the vibratory cycles

Answer 27

amplitude perturbation or shimmer

Question 28

- Asymmetry (alignment, how they close) of vocal folds; differences in mass and stiffness; variations in lung pressure; secretions ; adjustments of articulators; aerodynamic fluctuations in glottis; neuromuscular control

Answer 28

jitter and shimmer are affected by

Question 29

subdivisions within the total range of pitches produced by the voice

Answer 29

registers

Question 30

lowest register; closed folds for 90% of cycle (like popcorn popping)– referred to as glottal fry.

Answer 30

pulse

Question 31

folds are closed for about 50% of the time and open 50%; speech range with pulse register occurring at the end of phrases or sentences

Answer 31

modal

Question 32

folds look long and stiff and are thin at the margins- thinner sound- child like sound

Answer 32

falsetto

Question 33

air passes also through two other valves- which are important in protection of the airway

Answer 33

two other valves

Question 34

known as false vocal folds; just above and parallel with the true folds; during swallowing and also physical effort they close, but remain abducted during phonation

Answer 34

ventricular folds

Question 35

folds of connective tissue with some muscle fibers that form a sphincter to pull the epiglottis posteriorly to close the larynx entrance during swallowing

Answer 35

aryepiglottic folds

Question 36

aspects of pathology that may interfere with normal vibratory function include: Location and size; glottal incompetence; symmetry of both folds; uniformity within each fold; layer structure; mass and stiffness of each layer; interference with vibratory movement of opposite fold can occur with polyps, polypoid vocal fold, cyst, epithelium hyperplasia, papilloma, and carcinoma

Answer 36

effects of pathology

Question 37

mass of superficial layer of lamina propria increases; stiffness changes

Answer 37

nodules/polyps

Question 38

stifness decreases

Answer 38

edema

Question 39

may increase stiffness

Answer 39

fibrosis; intra-tissue bleeding, hyaline degeneration

Question 40

(thickening of the epithelium- lesion) increases mass and thickness of the cover

Answer 40

epithelial hyperplasia

Question 41

(wart like neoplasms) usually enters the superficial layer and occasionally the intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propria; also may invade the vocalis muscle

Answer 41

papilloma

Question 42

resonator that shapes and contains articulatory structures: -lips; cheeks; teeth; hard palate; alveolar ridge; velum (soft palate)

Answer 42

mouth

Question 43

when the velum is lowered allows entry of air into the nasal cavities– nasal sounds: (e.g., /m/ , /n/) Disorders that inhibit normal velopharyngeal functioning and may cause nasal emission during production on non nasal sounds

Answer 43

velum

Question 44

excessive nasal resonance

Answer 44

hypernasality

Question 45

lack of nasal resonance -- blockage of nasal cavity

Answer 45

hyponasality

Question 46

provides appropriate closure – makes firm contact with posterior pharyngeal wall

Answer 46

velopharyngeal valve

Question 47

action and tension can affect resonance

Answer 47

tongue

Question 48

superior longitudinal ( elevates tip); inferior longitudinal (pulls tip down; retracts ____) transverse (narrows ____) and vertical (depresses ____)

Answer 48

intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Question 49

genioglossus (retracts and draws ____ forward); hyoglossus (pulls ____ sides down); palatoglossus (elevates the back of the ____); styloglossus (elevates and retracts the ____)

Answer 49

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Question 50

a tube made of muscle and connective tissue lined with mucous membranes: nasopharynx; oropharynx; and laryngopharynx

Answer 50

pharynx

Question 51

cricopharyngeus (sphincter at the entrance of esophagus); Pharyngeal constrictors (tenses and tightens walls) – Inferior; middle; and superior; Stylopharyngeus (elevates and opens pharynx); Salpingopharyngeus (elevates and opens pharynx)

Answer 51

muscles of the pharynx

Question 52

happens due to the tract acting as a filter that selects and transmits frequencies through tube that is open at one end ( e.g., lips) and then can be closed at the other end (e.g., the glottis

Answer 52

vocal tract resonance

Question 53

refers to hyper or hyponasality ; such as cleft palate; and enlarged adenoids etc…

Answer 53

resonance disorder

Question 54

voice problems such as muffled, back, cul-de-sac resonance– voice is staying back in pharynx– as opposed to a more voice forward focus of sound

Answer 54

resonance problems

Question 55

process for changing shape of vocal tract; such as: lowering the larynx lowers all **formants (elongates); raising the larynx raises formants (shortens); rounding lips lowers all formants; spreading lips raises all formants; tongue elevating/ tongue retraction

Answer 55

vocal tract shaping

Question 56

contiguous nature of how speech sounds influence each other can affect resonance

Answer 56

coarticulation

Question 57

following aspects may be varied to emphasize or stress a syllable , word, or phrase: frequency; intensity; duration; rate

Answer 57

suprasegmental

Question 58

stress and intonation issues; greater number of inflections; slower speech rate; increased variability of fluency; resonance issues: formant frequencies lower across vowels; velopharynx may be less competent; vocal tract lengthening; centralization of vowels for older men

Answer 58

Affects of aging on articulation/resonance: changes that might occur include: