Vol.1-Ch.12 Part 2 "Pathophysiology"

Question 1

Predisposing factors to disease? (4)

Answer 1

• age
• gender
• genetics
• environment

Question 2

Pathogenisis

Answer 2

Normal defined sequence of events that leads to the development of a disease

Question 3

idiopathic

Answer 3

when predisposing factors of a disease cannot be identified the disease is “idiopathic”

Question 4

etiology

Answer 4

study of diseases

Question 5

clinical presentation

Answer 5

manifestation of a disease

Question 6

symptom

Answer 6

what the patient tells you about the disease

Question 7

sign

Answer 7

objective finding that you can identify through the physical exam

Question 8

syndrome

Answer 8

a specific constellation of commonly found signs and symptoms

Question 9

diagnosis

Answer 9

the process of identifying and assigning a name to a disease in an individual patient with similar sign sand symptoms

Question 10

sequelae

Answer 10

expected complications (or common)

Question 11

prognosis

Answer 11

expected outcome

Question 12

Neoplastic disease

Answer 12

one where certain cells begin abnormal cell growth (neoplasia)

Question 13

Iatrogenic

Answer 13

a disease that arises from the treatment method for a different disease

Question 14

ionic bond

Answer 14

a bond formed from opposite charges

Question 15

covalent bond

Answer 15

equal sharing of electrons

Question 16

hydrogen bond

Answer 16

attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen atom (this is also a polar bond)

Question 17

polar bond

Answer 17

unequal sharing of electron covalent bond

Question 18

Cation VS Anion

Answer 18

Cation: missing electrons = has a positive charge

Anion: extra electrons = has a negative charge

Question 19

major cation in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 19

sodium

Question 20

major anion in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 20

chloride

Question 21

major cation in the intracellular fluid?

Answer 21

potassium

Question 22

free radicals, a side effect of aging?

Answer 22

highly reactive molecule or atom that have an unpaired electron in an outer orbital that is not contributing to molecular bonding

Question 23

3 types of buffer systems and brief discription

Answer 23

1. Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system:
   (primarily regulates the pH of blood)
   it changes pH caused by inorganic acids and fixed acids in the ECF. When CO2 is added to H2O it turned into H2CO3 (carbonic acid). It quickly dissociates into 2 seperate molecules (H+ and HCO3- or hydrogen and bicarbonate) because carbon acid is very volatile.
2. Protein buffer system:
   This buffer system relys on select amino acid chains in proteins to accept or release hydrogen ions.
   (hemoglobin buffer system is part of this and helps because hemoglobin have large quantities of carbonic anhydrase which speeds up the carbonic acid -bicarbonate buffer system)
3. Phosphate Buffer system:
   uses an anion dihydrogen phosphate (a weak acid) to bind with hydrogen to form monohydrogen phosphate

Question 24

What enzyme greatly speeds up the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 24

carbonic anhydrase

Question 25

what 3 things limit the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 25

1. it doesnt protect from changes in pH due to carbon dioxide 2. can only work when the repiratory system is functioning properly 3. limited by the amount of available bicarbonate ions available

Question 26

hypercapnia / hypocapnia

Answer 26

elevation or low amounts of in CO2

Question 27

metabolic acidosis means you don't have enough _____ to buffer against carbonic acid

Answer 27

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 28

endocytosis VS exocytosis

Answer 28

Endocytosis : materials engulfed by plasma membrane and drawn into the cell Exocytosis: spills contents out of cell

Question 29

Simple VS Facilitated diffusion

Answer 29

simple is random, facilitated uses channels for specific diffusion movement

Question 30

how much % of body water is in intracellular fluid?

Answer 30

70%

Question 31

how much % of body water is in extracellular fluid?

Answer 31

30%

Question 32

how much % of body water is in interstitial fluid?

Answer 32

25%

Question 33

how much % of body water is in intravascular fluid?

Answer 33

5%

Question 34

what is the highly acidic ion?

Answer 34

hydrogen

Question 35

what electrolyte is important for energy storage?

Answer 35

phosphate

Question 36

hypertophy

Answer 36

increase in cell size

Question 37

atrophy

Answer 37

decrease in cell size

Question 38

metaplasia

Answer 38

cells that change from one adult cell type to another adult cell type

Question 39

dysplasia

Answer 39

abnormal development of cells in tissue or organ

Question 40

hyperplasia

Answer 40

increased number of cells in a tissue or organ

Question 41

necrosis VS apoptosis

Answer 41

Necrosis : is cell death by outside forces | Apoptosis : is normal cell death

Question 42

ishemic VS hypoxia

Answer 42

ischemic cell death is caused by diminished blood flow hypoxia cell death is caused by lack of oxygen

Question 43

fibroblasts

Answer 43

most abundant cell in connective tissue; responsible for production of connective tissue fibers

Question 44

mast cells

Answer 44

release chems for body defense ; often near blood vessels

Question 45

adipocytes

Answer 45

contain fat cells for energy storage

Question 46

macrophages

Answer 46

engulf damaged cells

Question 47

what are the two hormones called catecholamines?

Answer 47

epi and norepi

Question 48

cardiac output formula

Answer 48

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 49

what is the process of the renin - angiotensis system used to aid in compensatory shock

Answer 49

renin - angiotensin system renin secreted by kidneys turns angiotensin into angiotensin 1 ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) turns ingiotensin 1 into 2 which is a vasoconstrictor and raises blood pressure angiotensin 2 also stimulates productions of aldosterone (secreted by adrenal cortex) that tells kidneys to reabsorb sodium and in turn water

Question 50

what are the 3 systems used in compensatory shock?

Answer 50

1. Catecholamines (epi and norepi) secreted by adrenal 2. Renin - Angiotensin system 3. pituitary secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Question 51

Decompensated shock

Answer 51

when compensation fails and meds are used

Question 52

irreversible shock | What is the critical factor/sign

Answer 52

when meds are no longer helping cardiac depression is a sign of this

Question 53

What is MODS

Answer 53

multiple organ dysfunction syndrom its a Progressive impairment of 2 or more oran systems resulting from uncontrolled inflammatory response to illness or injury usually caused by septic shock or sepsis usually happens from on overresponse on a second insult or affected systems

Question 54

bacteria

Answer 54

single cell organisms that consist of internal cytoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell wall

Question 55

endo vs exotocins

Answer 55

endotoxins : complex molecules that are contained in cell walls of certain Gram-negative bacteria exotoxins : protiens secreted by bacterial cell during its growth

Question 56

sepsis

Answer 56

systematic spread of toxins throughout blood stream

Question 57

viruses

Answer 57

much smaller bacteria that can only be seen with an electron microscope