W+C case study quizzes Flashcards
(6 cards)
Mangrove protection in Sri Lanka (mitigating climate change)
1) In 2015, Sri Lanka became the first nation to do what?
2) What percent of mangrove forests did Sri Lanka lose in the last century: 47%, 60% or 76%?
3) Fill in the blank: mangroves sequester up to [ ] times more carbon than any other ecosystem.
4) True or false: mangroves fix carbon into the soil where it is stored for 1000s of years?
5) True or false: mangrove forests do not burn?
6) Give 2 reasons for you answer to Q5.
7) How much did the project mentioned in Q1 cost: £1.8 million, £2 million or £2.2 million?
8) How long did this project take: 5 years, 11 years or 14 years?
9) How many acres of Sri Lanka’s existing mangrove forest were protected: 14,000 acres, 21,000 acres or 27,000 acres?
10) How many more acres of mangrove forest were replanted: 7700 acres, 8500 acres or 9600 acres?
11) This project also provided alternative job training and microloans to approximately how many impoverished women: 7000, 9000 or 12,000?
0/11 = 1
3/11 = 2
5/11 = 3
8/11 = 4
11/11 = 5
Answers
1) Protect all its mangroves
2) 76%
3) 50 times!!
4) False: 100s (sneaky Q 😊)
5) True!!
6) Their swampy environment and their lack of fuel
7) £2.2 million
8) 5 years
9) 21,000 acres
10) 9600 acres
11) 12,000 impoverished women
0/11 = 1
3/11 = 2
5/11 = 3
8/11 = 4
11/11 = 5
Government policies in Brazil (mitigating climate change)
1) True or false: Brazil once had the second highest rates of deforestation in the world?
2) In what year did the government embark on an ambitious plan to drastically reduce rates of deforestation: 1998, 2005 or 2013?
3) This involved requiring landowners to preserve what percent of virgin forests: 50%, 67% or 80%?
4) What were 2 possible punishments for infringing on this requirement?
5) 4 years after they embarked on their ‘ambitious plan’, the rate of deforestation had fallen by how much: 49%, 62% or 75%?
6) In 2018, the rate of deforestation rose to the highest level for a decade, following the election of which president of Brazil (what was his name?)
7) In 2019, how many forest fires raged across the Amazon, due in part to this president’s stripping back of environmental protection: 12,000, 24,000 or 30,000?
0/7 = 1
2/7 = 2
4/7 = 3
6/7 = 4
7/7 = 5
Answers
1) True
2) 2005
3) 80%
4) Large fines or imprisonment
5) 75%
6) Jair Bolsonaro
7) 30,000 forest fires
0/7 = 1
2/7 = 2
4/7 = 3
6/7 = 4
7/7 = 5
Political initiatives: the Paris agreement (mitigating climate change)
Case study of a river catchment: The River Exe in Devon, UK
1) Where is the source of the River Exe?
2) How long in km is the River Exe from its source to the sea at Exmouth: 81.4km, 82.7km or 84.5km?
3) True or false: the River Exe has high drainage density?
4) What is the area of the upper catchment? 601km2, 701km2 or 801km2?
5) What is the maximum elevation (north)? 498m, 509m or 514m?
6) What is the lowest elevation (south)? 6m, 16m or 26m?
7) What percent of the catchment is underlain by impermeable rocks? 83.6%, 84.4% or 89.1%?
8) Which impermeable rock predominantly is it?
9) What percent of the land is used for agricultural grassland? 50%, 59% or 67%?
10) What percentage of the land is woodland? 15%, 17% or 20%?
11) What percentage of the land is made up of moors and peat bogs? 3%, 9% or 15%?
12) What is the water balance equation?
13) Input the following numbers into this equation to apply it to the Exe catchment: 1295mm, 844mm, 451mm.
14) Runoff accounts for what percent of the water balance here? 60%, 63% or 65%?
15) Give 2 reasons for this high percentage of runoff in the water balance here.
16) What is the term used to describe the pattern of discharge over the course of a year?
17) In what year was the River Exe tributary ‘River Haddeo’ dammed: 1947, 1960 or 1979?
18) What is the name of the reservoir that this created?
19) What is the size of this reservoir in hectares? 127ha, 150ha or 168ha?
20) This reservoir supplies water to East Devon and which other place?
21) True or false: this reservoir creates a fluctuating flow regime during the year?
22) Why were drainage ditches dug in the peat bogs of Exmoor?
23) Why do the drainage ditches reduce the quality of the water in the river Exe?
24) Give one use for peat, apart from carbon absorption or water storage.
25) Why do dry peat bogs become a carbon source?
26) How did the Exmoor Mires Project work to restore the peat bogs? Give 3 details. (this question is worth 3 points)
0/28 = 1
7/28 = 2
14/28 = 3
21/28 = 4
28/28 = 5
Answers
1) Hills of Exmoor
2) 82.7km
3) True, also has an extensive tributary system.
4) 601km2
5) 514m
6) 26m
7) 84.4%
8) Devonian sandstone
9) 67%
10) 15%
11) 3%
12) Precipitation = evaporation +/- soil water storage + runoff
13) Precipitation (1295mm) = evaporation +/- soil water storage (451mm) + runoff (844mm)
14) 65%
15) Impermeable nature of most of the bedrock reduces percolation and baseflow; drainage ditches on Exmoor reduce the amount of soil water storage.
16) River regime
17) 1979
18) Wimbleball Reservoir
19) 150ha
20) Exeter
21) False: it regulates water flow, leading to a steady flow regime during the year
22) To make the land suitable for farming
23) Drainage ditches increase the flow of water to the Exe, which reduces water quality as more silt is carried downstream.
24) Fuel
25) Peat surface dries out => decomposition occurs => releases carbon as CO2 and CH4 (methane)
26) Blocked drainage ditches with peat blocks or moorland bales (1) which increases the water content and returns ground to the natural saturated, boggy conditions (1). These saturated conditions help retain carbon stored within the peat (1).
0/28 = 1
7/28 = 2
14/28 = 3
21/28 = 4
28/28 = 5
Indonesia: tropical rainforests and the carbon cycle // the impact of deforestation on the rainforest
1) Fill in the blank: it has been suggested that Indonesia is now the [ ] largest emitter of greenhouse gases.
2) What percentage of these emissions are as a result of rainforest and peatland degradation: 68%, 76% or 85%?
3) In 1960, what percentage of Indonesia was rainforest: 79 %, 80% or 85%?
4) How much of this rainforest is still remaining?
5) It is estimated that how many hectares of Indonesia rainforest is lost per year: 100 000, 1 000 000 or 10 000 000?
6) What percentage of the deforestation in Indonesia happens in forests on mineral soils: 70%, 72% or 76%?
7) What percentage of the deforestation in Indonesia happens in carbon-rich peatland forests: 30%, 28% or 24%?
8) True or false: this rainforest is now a carbon sink.
9) What change has occurred in Indonesia and how?
10) Why is this change happening here?
11) How does this change (Q6) lead to a drier climate?
12) How does this change (Q6) lead to a higher rate of runoff?
13) How does this change (Q6) lead to lower storage of water?
14) Why do peatlands release carbon when exposed after deforestation?
15) True or false: rainforest soils are no longer a carbon sink but a carbon source.
16) What percentage of wood in trees is carbon?
17) What happened in Indonesia in 1997-1998 that caused a mass increase in CO2 emissions?
18) How many hectares of land had been damaged from this: 6 million, 7 million or 8 million?
19) In 2015, how many fires raged across the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan: 10,000, 15,000 or 20,000?
20) How do El Niño events affect the likelihood of hazards such as the one mentioned in Q15?
21) How does deforestation affect the likelihood of hazards such as the one mentioned in Q15?
22) What is the climate of a tropical rainforest and how does this impact plant growth?
23) What is a ‘carbon sink’ and why are rainforests examples of carbon sinks?
24) What is decomposition and how does it impact the carbon cycle?
25) Why and how are tropical rainforests being cleared?
26) How is deforestation contributing to climate change?
27) What impact does deforestation have on photosynthesis?
28) What impact does deforestation have on respiration?
29) What impact does deforestation have on soil carbon?
30) What impact does deforestation have on decomposition?
31) Name two ways humans can have less of an impact upon the carbon cycle in rainforests
0/31 = 1
8/31 = 2
15/31 = 3
23/31 = 4
31/31 = 5
Answers
1) 3rd largest emitter
2) 85%
3) 80%
4) Just under half
5) 1 000 000 hectares
6) 70%
7) 30%
8) False, it’s now a carbon source.
9) Deforestation using slash and burn
10) Due to the demand for paper, pulp, plywood and palm oil, as well as allegations of corruption and disputes over land rights
11) Less trees => less interception of precipitation => less evapotranspiration => ultimately drier climate
12) Less trees => lower infiltration rate = > higher rate of runoff
13) Less trees => lower infiltration rate => peatlands dry out => peatlands store less water
14) Peatlands exposed => more easily eroded by wind and rain => increased rates of decomposition of organic matter => more carbon released
15) True
16) 50%
17) Forest fires
18) 8 million hectares
19) 10,000 fires
20) Creates drier conditions => increase likelihood of wildfires
21) Creates drier climates => increases likelihood of wildfires
22) Heavy and frequent rainfall, humid, hot (along equator) => optimum conditions for lots of plant growth
23) Carbon sink absorbs more carbon than it releases. Rainforests are carbon sinks because they absorb large quantities of carbon and release large quantities of O2 through photosynthesis.
24) Decomposition is the breakdown of organic matter which is done by decomposers, e.g. fungi or bacteria (who also respire and release CO2) and releases carbon from the organic matter
25) Cleared for land for farming, mining, roads and settlements
26) Emitting carbon into atmosphere (especially if using slash and burn to deforest) and leads to the loss of natural carbon sinks. Deforestation is one of the main contributors to the greenhouse gases that are responsible for climate change.
27) Photosynthesis pretty much ceases: less trees to photosynthesise until natural regrowth (weeds) in the area, but this leads to much less photosynthesis than before
28) Decreases respiration: less trees (and animals who were living in the trees) to respire
29) Soil carbon increases: rain washes ash (left over from the burning) into the ground and less carbon being held in the trees so more of it will be in the overland flow
30) Decreases decomposition: less leaf litter to decompose and decomposes will be largely absent from this environment
31) Strict regulations on deforestation and imposing strategies like selective logging and replanting (=> less tress being deforested and we don’t lose a carbon sink
0/31 = 1
8/31 = 2
15/31 = 3
23/31 = 4
31/31 = 5
