W10 - Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
(23 cards)
A group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar or cannot control their blood sugar levels.
Diabetes Mellitus
A condition that may occur in people who have diabetes, most often in those who have type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. It involves the buildup of toxic substances called ketones that make the blood too acidic. High ketone levels can be readily managed, but if they aren’t detected and treated in time, a person can eventually slip into a fatal coma.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Measures blood glucose after you have not eaten for at least 8 hours. It is often the first test done to check for prediabetes and diabetes.
Fasting blood glucose
Pregnancy glucose intolerance because of placental hormones that causes insulin resistance.
Gestational diabetes
Hormone secreted by the alpha cells. Its released when BS levels are low. It stimulates the liver to release stored glucose.
Glucagon
The gold standard for making the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. It is still commonly used during pregnancy for diagnosing gestational diabetes. With this test, the person fasts overnight (at least 8 hours, but not more than 16 hours). The next morning, the fasting plasma glucose is tested. After this test, the person receives 75 grams of glucose. Usually, the glucose is in a sweet-tasting liquid that the person drinks. Blood samples are taken up to four times at different time points after consumption of the sugar to measure the blood glucose.
Glucose tolerance test
The excretion of glucose into the urine.
Glucosuria
A lab test that shows the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over the previous 3 months. It shows how well you are controlling your diabetes.
Glycolated hemoglobin (HgbA1C)
Increased BS level.
- Fasting level: over 6.1 mmol/L
- 2 hr postprandial level: over 7.8 mmol/L
Hyperglycemia
Decreased BS level. (less than 2.7 mmol/L)
Hypoglycemia
Hormone produced by the pancreas (islets of langerhans, beta cells) important in metabolism of glucose and storage of glucose.
- Transport + metabolize glucose for energy.
- Stimulate glucose storage in liver/muscles (glycogen form)
- Signals liver to stop release of glucose.
- Enhances storage of dietary fat in liver.
- Accelerates transportation of amino acid (fat protein) into cells.
- Inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat.
Insulin
A toxic substance that is formed when the liver breaks down glucose in absence of insulin. It disturbs the acid-base balance resulting in abdominal pain, n&v, hyperventilation, death, etc.
Ketones
A condition in which toxic ketones are present in the urine.
Ketonuria
A damage to or disease of a kidney. It is caused by excessive stressed kidney mechanism.
Nephropathy
Disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves, typically causing numbness or weakness.
Neuropathy
A glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. It is an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood. It is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
Pancreas
Excessive thirst.
Polydipsia
Excessive hunger or increased appetite.
Polyphagia
Excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine (at least 2.5 or 3 L over 24 hours in adults)
Polyuria
It measures blood glucose regardless of when you last ate. Several random measurements may be taken throughout the day. Random testing is useful because glucose levels in healthy people do not vary widely throughout the day. Blood glucose levels that vary widely may mean a problem. This test is also called a casual blood glucose test.
Random blood glucose
Disease of the retina that results in impairment or loss of vision. In diabetes, it is cause by the destruction of the blood vessels surrounding the retina or thickened basement membrane.
Retinopathy
Abrupt glucose intolerance cause by the inability to produce by the pancreas. Usually, the beta cells are destroyed autoimmune.
Type I diabetes
Inability to properly use and store glucose.
- Decreased insulin sensitivity because of obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
- Take years to experience symptoms.
- Not prone to DKA.
Type II diabetes
