W11 - Acids and Bases

Question 1

Abrupt renal failure associated with burns or other trauma or with acute infection or obstruction of the urinary tract

Answer 1

Acute renal failure

Question 2

Nonpassage of urine, in practice is defined as passage of less than 100 milliliters of urine in a day.

Answer 2

Anuria

Question 3

The amount of urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down.

Answer 3

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

Question 4

Also called stone. An abnormal stone formed in body tissues by an accumulation of mineral salts. these are usually found in biliary and urinary tracts.

Answer 4

Calculi

Question 5

A positively charged ion.

Answer 5

Cation

Question 6

Gradual loss of kidney function, with progressively more severe renal insufficiency

Answer 6

Chronic renal failure

Question 7

A negatively charged ion.

Answer 7

Anion

Question 8

A substance formed from the metabolism of creatine, commonly found in blood, urine, and muscle tissue. It is measured in blood and urine tests as an indicator of kidney function.
- Normal adult blood levels are 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for females and 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL for males; the numbers decrease in elderly patients because of a smaller muscle mass.

Answer 8

Creatinine

Question 9

The loss of water and salts essential for normal body function

Answer 9

Dehydration

Question 10

A process of filtering and removing waste products from the bloodstream.

Answer 10

Dialysis

Question 11

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces of the body

Answer 11

Edema

Question 12

An element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or another solvent, dissociates into ions and is able to conduct an electric current.

Answer 12

Electrolyte

Question 13

The final stage of kidney disease, and your kidneys are not functioning well enough to meet the needs of daily life. The kidneys are functioning below 10 percent of their normal function. This may mean that your kidneys are barely functioning or not functioning at all. Kidney disease is usually progressive. It typically does not reach this stage until 10 to 20 years after you are diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, which may also develop slowly.

Answer 13

End stage renal disease

Question 14

The medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood.

Answer 14

Fluid overload - Hypervolemia

Question 15

A test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Glomeruli are the tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.

Answer 15

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 16

A disease of the kidneys in which the glomeruli, the tiny filters in the kidneys that help to clean the blood, become inflamed or damaged. This allows protein and red blood cells that normally circulate in the bloodstream to pass into the urine.

Answer 16

Glomerulonephritis

Question 17

The tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.

Answer 17

Glomerulus

Question 18

Means “cleaning the blood” and that’s exactly what this treatment does. Blood is withdrawn from the body by a machine and passed through an artificial kidney called a dialyzer.

Answer 18

Hemodialysis

Question 19

An elevated calcium (Ca2+) level in the blood.

Normal range: 9–10.5 mg/dL or 2.2–2.6 mmol/L

Answer 19

Hypercalcemia

Question 20

The condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated.

Answer 20

Hyperkalemia

Question 21

Increased sodium levels. A serum or plasma sodium concentration greater than 145 mEq/L; concentrations greater than 155 mEq/L may be life-threatening.

Answer 21

Hypernatremia

Question 22

Low Ca+ levels.

Answer 22

Hypocaclemia

Question 23

Low K+ levels.

Answer 23

Hypokalemia

Question 24

Low Na+ levels.

Answer 24

Hyponatremia

Question 25

An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Answer 25

Ion

Question 26

A pair of bean-shaped organs in the back part of the abdominal cavity that form and excrete urine, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and act as endocrine glands.

Answer 26

Kidney

Question 27

The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.

Answer 27

Nephron

Question 28

The low output of urine. It is clinically classified as an output more than 100 ml/day but less than 400ml/day.

Answer 28

Oliguria

Question 29

It is another form of dialysis used to remove waste products and excess water. It works on the same principle as hemodialysis, but your blood is cleaned while still inside your body rather than in a machine. - The inside of your abdomen—your peritoneal cavity—is filled with a special dialysis fluid that looks like water. This exposes blood vessels in the peritoneum to the fluid. The peritoneum functions just like the artificial membrane in a dialyzer. Excess water and wastes pass from the blood through the peritoneum into the dialysis fluid. The fluid is then drained from your body and discarded, and the process is repeated four to six times in every 24-hour period.

Answer 29

Peritoneal dialysis

Question 30

The major positive ion (cation) found inside cells. The proper level is essential for normal cell function. - The normal blood ____ level is 3.5'5.0 milliEquivalents/liter (mEq/L), or 3.5 international units.

Answer 30

Potassium

Question 31

An inflammation of the renal parenchyma, calyces, and pelvis. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection that has spread up the urinary tract or traveled through the bloodstream to the kidneys.

Answer 31

Pyelonephritis

Question 32

The chief cation of extracellular body fluids. - The body uses ____ to control blood pressure and blood volume. It is also needed for your muscles and nerves to work properly.

Answer 32

Sodium

Question 33

The condition where urinary stones are formed or located anywhere in the urinary system.

Answer 33

Urolithiasis