W10 - language and aging Flashcards
By 2050, what proportion of people will be over 60 years old globally, and how does this compare to children aged 0–14?
1 in 5; older adults will outnumber children.
Which organization works to promote the rights of older people worldwide?
HelpAge International.
What is the focus of ageing research according to Vaupel (2010)?
Strategies for cognitive and brain health.
What does Shafto & Tyler (2014) suggest about language in ageing?
Understanding is preserved, but production declines.
What did Kemper et al. (2001) discover about grammatical complexity in older adults?
Marked decline from 74–78 years, with gradual changes before and after.
How do Rabaglia & Salthouse (2011) describe syntactic production changes in ageing?
Declines in complex syntactic structures.
What memory process associated with linguistic context declines with age, as shown by Lieberman et al. (2004)?
Implicit memory.
How does higher education impact linguistic knowledge, according to Brysbaert et al. (2016)?
Higher education correlates with greater linguistic knowledge.
What causes tip-of-the-tongue (ToT) episodes in older adults, according to Segaert et al. (2018)?
Disruption between meaning and phonology.
What factors contribute to syntactic comprehension decline with age, as highlighted by Poulisse et al. (2019)?
Reduced working memory, processing speed, and response time.
Which cognitive domain experiences the steepest decline in ageing, according to Hedden & Gabrieli (2004)?
Perceptual speed.
What changes occur in brain structure with age, as observed by Peelle et al. (2012)?
Significant gray matter decline; white matter decline is less pronounced.
What is the compensation hypothesis in cognitive ageing, according to Cabeza (2002)?
Older adults use additional brain resources to maintain performance.
How does the nondominant hemisphere compensate for cognitive decline in ageing?
Shows increased activity in tasks typically dominated by the opposite hemisphere.
What hypotheses about fitness and cognition were proposed by Colcombe & Kramer (2003)?
Speed, visuospatial, controlled-processing, executive-control.
How does aerobic exercise affect hippocampal volume, according to Erickson et al. (2011)?
Increases hippocampal volume over a year.
What did Segaert et al. (2018) discover about fitness and tip-of-the-tongue states?
Higher fitness reduces ToT episodes.
What lifestyle factors significantly influence cognitive ageing?
Sleep, diet, exercise, and cognitive training.
What does Ainslie et al. (2008) suggest about exercise and brain blood flow?
Regular exercise mitigates age-related decline in blood flow.
How does aerobic fitness relate to gray matter volume, as shown by Erickson et al. (2014)?
Higher fitness increases gray matter volume in key brain areas.
What is the role of brain plasticity in compensating for neural decline in ageing?
Allows resource reallocation to maintain functionality.
What methods were used by Hedden & Gabrieli (2004) to evaluate cognitive domains in ageing?
Cross-sectional study.
Which cognitive functions benefit most from fitness training, according to Colcombe & Kramer (2003)?
Executive functions like planning and coordination.
How does education level influence language performance across age groups?
Higher education sustains better performance.
