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W12 non-parametric tests Flashcards

(16 cards)

1
Q

if assumptions violated: not normally distributed…

A

use non-parametric

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2
Q

Null vs alternate hypothesis for CORRELATIONS

A

pearsons r null = no relationship
alternate =there is relationship

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3
Q

non-parametric pros + cons

A

pros = robust, ease of interpretation
cons = less power, limited precision

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4
Q

NON-PARAMETRIC tests include:

A

Chi-square = for t-test, ANOVA
Spearman’s Rho = correlation

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5
Q

z,t,ANOVA rely on PARAMETRIC assumptions like:

A
  1. continuous - interval or ratio
  2. normally distributed
  3. homogeneity (levenes) or sphericity (muachelys)
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6
Q

Assumptions are violated if…

A
  1. non-normally dist (skewed, bimodal)
  2. categorical (nominal or ordinal)
  3. variances wildly dissimilar across IV
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7
Q

Violating assumptions = bad because…

A
  1. not real result – false positive type 1 error
  2. miss a result – false negative type 2 error
  3. unreliable pvalue/intervals
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8
Q

Chi-Square Xsquared

A

tests if theres a significant difference in frequency we’d expect, and observe to happen

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9
Q

Two types of Chi Square

A
  1. Goodness of fit - if single cate variable fits in expected distribution
  2. test of independence - if 2 categorical variables are related
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10
Q

Chi Square
goodness of fit H0 and H1

A

H0 null is observed = expected
H1 is observed is NOT = expected

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11
Q

GOOD FIT formula

find value of xsquared then go to table

df = k(number of groups) -1

A

df on side column, 0.05on row
if obtained is bigger, reject null hypothesis

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12
Q

INDEPENDENCE

when you know observed but not expected – need to calculate it

A

row total x column total
divided by
grand total all cells

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13
Q

Assumptions for Chi Square:

A
  • categorical data
  • independence of observation - each participant appear once
  • expected frequencies (at least 5 each cell)
  • sample size - large
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14
Q

Spearmans’ Rho

A
  • nonparametric
  • measure strength, direction of association between 2 variables
  • data = ranked Ordinal likert scales
  • range -1 to 1
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15
Q

RULES: When to use spearman’s rho

A
  1. at least one variable is ordinal
  2. data not normally distributed or has outliers
  3. relationship is non-linear
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16
Q

non-linear monotonic relationship is

A
  • moves in one direction (not at constant rate)