W5b: Intergrp Dynamics Flashcards
Social categorisation
Others’ group memberships are used as the basis of social categorization
This process can be automatic. Especially for certain features age, gender, ‘race’
Self categorisation
process of seeing oneself as a group member
(Social identities are accessible; extreme form: de-individuation)
likely when:
We experience direct reminders of group membership
In the presence of:
1) Outgroup members
2) people who don’t belong to our groups
In a minority
Consequences of social and self categorization
Chart
self-categorization
Me -----------------------> We/US
l l
l interpersonal l intergrp
v v
you -----------------------> Them
Social categorizationCategory differentiation model (Doise, 1978):
2 consequences and their effects on self
- Intergroup differentiation
- Within group homogeneity (especially for outgroups)
Outgroup homogeneity
exaggerate the differences between in and out grps
Similarity within the group is also amplified.
Consequences of social and self categorization
Social Cat 1) Out-group Homogeneity 2) Stereotypes self cat 3) Ingroup favoritism 4) 5)
Outgroup homogeneity:
Cross-race identification bias (‘other race’ effect)
Platz & Hosch (1988)
Platz & Hosch (1988)
• Texas convenience store clerks
• Identification of customers
(race- out-group look the same)
Results
• Increased accuracy for own
in-group
Another Consequence:
Stereotypes -> social categorisation
Content-related consequence
- Stereotype: cognitive representation of impressions/expectancies about a social group (probable behaviors, traits, features) (cf. prejudice)
- Associate a group with a range of characteristics
- Stereotyping: process of viewing an individual in light of a stereotype
Sterotype -> beliefs of a grp
prejudice -> attitudes/evaluations of a grp
Stereotype Content Model
SCM; Fiske et al., 2002
Warmth and competence (high and low)
L.W + L.C: poor ppl
Contemptuous stereotype
Low status, competitive
L.W + H.C: Asians, rich ppl…
Envious sterotype
High status, competitive
H.W + L.C: elderly, disabled
Paternalistic stereotype
Low status, not competitive
H.W + H.C: ingrp, close allies
Admiration
High status, not competitive
Activation of stereotypes:
Can be automatic
Stereotypes can be automatically activated
• mere presence of a social category cue (e.g., category label, salient category feature) can activate a range of stereotype content
Implicit Associations Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998)
Implicit measure of associations between social categories and other concepts
RT paradigm:
Patterns of RTs tell us something about underlying mental representations (here stereotypes)
Categorisation task
• During the task, targets (often words) are placed into categories by pressing
one of two response keys
- Arrangement of categories on screen makes sections of the task more or less difficult
- Comparing RTs on different sections of the task gives an indication of stereotypes
IAT and stereotypes
The more closely linked in the mind two concepts are (e.g., man and career), the faster a person will be to respond when these concepts share a response key (i.e. when the categories are on the same side of the screen)
TEXTBOOK!!!
Stereotypes:
Stereotypes can bias judgments about individuals
Duncan (1976):
Details and outcome
Change the way that ambiguous behavior is interpreted
DUNCAN 1976
White American participants witness an ambiguous shove (aggressive or playful) between confederates of different social categories
Stereotype of group to which shover belonged influenced interpretation
Aggression was (is) part of the African American stereotype; here it shapes interpretation of the ambiguous shove (75% perceived as violent while only 17% the other way round)
Differences between Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination
- Stereotype: cognitive representations of impressions of groups that people form by associating the groups with particular characteristics (beliefs)
- Prejudice: positive or negative evaluations of a social group or its members (attitudes)
- Discrimination: positive or negative behaviour directed toward a social group or its members (behaviour)
Ingroup favouritism:
more favourable attitudes and behaviours towards the groups to which we belong than to groups to which we don’t
Ingroup favouritism, ingroup bias, intergroup bias, intergroup discrimination
Preference (in attitudes or behaviours) for ingroups over outgroups
Why do we have Ingroup favouritism:
People prefer to have a positive self-concept (valuing me and mine)
Positive self-esteem
Our selves are composed of personal and group-related (social) aspects/identities
We are motivated to increase the positivity of our own groups relative to outgroups. Thus, ingroup favoritism
In a sense, value mine (my group) as a way of valuing ‘me’
