W6 Integument System Flashcards by T@llula Galea

What is the integumentary system composed of?

Skin and it’s accessory structures: hair, nails, various types of glands, and sensory receptors

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List the functions of skin

Regulate body temp Protective barrier between external environment Contains nerve endings Help synthesis vitamin D

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Name the tissue type composing the epithelial tissue

Epidermis Dermis

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Define epidermis

Superficial thinner layer, composed of epithelial tissue

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Define Dermis

A deeper, thicker portion. It is compose of connective tissue

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Define Hypo Dermis

Is ocmposed of areolar and adipose tissue. THE HYPO DERMIS IS NOT APART OF THE SKIN

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What are the functions of the hypodermis

Fibres act to anchor the skin to the hypodermis, fat storage

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What are the two major types of skin?

Thin skin Thick skin

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Describe the structure of thin skin

Has a thin epidermis. It contains hair sebaceous (oil) glands, but fewer (sudoriferous (sweat) glands than thick skin

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Where is thin skin found?

Covers all parts of the body except the palms, palmar surface of fingers, planta surface of toes, and sole of feet

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Describe the structure of thicl skin

Has a thick epidermis. Lacks hair and sebaceous (oil) glands, but has more sudoriferous (sweat glands) than thin skin

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Where is thick skin found?

Covers the palms, palmer surface of fingers, plantar surface of toes, and soles

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What is the epidermis composed of?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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Name the 4 cell types that the epidermis is composed of

Keratinocytes Melanocytes Langerhans Cells Merkel Cells

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Describe Keratinocytes

Most numerous cell type, They produce keratin, which is a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the cells and underlying tissues. Also produced lamellar granules (waterproofing)

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Describe Melanocytes

Are located in the deepest layer of the epidermis. These cells produce melanin

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Describe Langerhans Cell

Make up only a small fraction of epidermal cells. They perform immune function, by fighting microbes

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Describe Merkel Cells

Least numerous of all cells in the epidermis. Located deep in the epidermis and form touch receptors

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What are the four cellular strata found in thin skin?

Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Corneum

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Describe Stratum basale

A single row of cuboidal keratinocytes, this layer also contains melanocytes

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Describe Stratum Spinosum

Layers more towards the surface, have a more flattened appearance

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Describe Stratum Granulosum

These cells undergo apoptosis. Flattened keratinocytes

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Describe Stratum Corneum

Composed of 25-30 layers of dead flattened keratinocytes. Continually shed and replaced by cells from a deeper layer

PICWhat are the 5 cellular strata found in thick skin?

Stratum Lucidum Contains the same cellular strata as thin, with an extra layer

How does epidermal growth proceed?

Cells that have been newly formed in the stratum basale are gradually pushed to the surface of the epidermis (stratum corneum) called keratinization. Takes 4 weeks

What is the dermis composed of?

Connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers + blood vessels, nerves, glans, and hair follicles

Name the 2 regions of which the dermis can be divided into

The papillary region - directly underneath the epidermis The reticular region - located below the papillary region

What is the papillary region composed of?

Areolar connective tissue containing elastic fibers

What are dermal papillae?

The presence of finger like projections

What are epidermal ridges?

Downward projections of the epidermis

How do epidermal ridges and dermal papillae interact?

Join together to form a very strong connection, helps resist shearing forces that could separate the epidermis from the dermis

Describe the recticular region

It is attached to the hypodermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen fibers. Gives skin extensibility and elasticity

What is the reticular region composed of?

Hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

What are the tree pigments that give skin its colour?

Melanin, Carotene, Haemoglobin

What is a influencing factor in skin colour?

Heredity, major factor in melatin production

Describe ways in which the integument system protects the body

Physcal barrier to microorganisms Barrier to chemicals Reduces potential for mechanical trauma Protects against excess UV exposure

Describe protection - surface film on the skin

Antibacterial, antifungal activity Lubrication Hydration of skin surface

Name chemical composition of epithelial elements of surface film

Amino acids Sterols Complex phospholipids

Name chemical composition from the sebum on surface film

Fatty acids Triglycerides Waxes

Name chemical composition from sweat on the surface film

Water Ammonia Lactic Acid

What are the functions of the Skin?

Sensation, flexibility, excretion

List the sensations detected by the skin

Heat Gentle touch Pain Cold Hair

List the glands involved in secretion

Eccrine glands Apocrine gland Sebaceous gland Ceruminous gland

Describe the Eccrine Gland

Most numerous sweat glands, secrete perspiration

Describe Apocrine gland

Located deep in subcutaneous layer, large

Describe Sebaceous glands

Secrete sebum

Describe Ceruminous glands

Modified apocrine sweat gland, located in ear

What is the skins role in absorption?

Substances can enter the body through the skin

Describe the integuments involvement in vitamin product

Exposure of sin to UV light converts to Vit D precursor, blood transport the precursor to the liver and kidneys. The process and end result fulfill the steps required to classify vit D

Name the immune cells that reside in the integument and describe their fuction

Phagocytic cells destroy bacteria. Resident dendritic cells in the skin known as Langerhans cells, these act as antigen presenting cells, showing antigen to lympohocytes. Dendritic cells trigger helpful immune reactions by working with helper t-cells

Explain how the skin helps cool the body or retain warmth

Homeostasis of temperature Heat production amount of muscular work being performed. Heath loss: to evaporate any fluid, heat energy much be expended

What are the mechanisms of heat loss

* Radiation * Conduction * Convection

PICDescribe radiation

Transfer of heat from one object to another without actual contact

Describe conduction

Transfer of heat to any substance actually in contact with the body

Describe convection

Transfer of heat anyway from a surface by movement of air

How is heat loss regulated?

Controlled by negative feed back loop -\> receptors in the hypothalamus

Explain the development of hair

Distribution: over entire body except palms Lanugo: fine, soft hair coat Terminal hair: coarse public hair Hair follicles