W7- Lecture 30- Non-specific Immunity Flashcards by Alexandros Kizas

Describe the key feature innate immune systems

First line of defence 
Quick 
Same for all pathogens 
Born with it 
Found In almost all animals

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Describe the key features of the adaptive / specific immune response

Specific for antigen 
Not very fast (first time )
Greater speed and magnitude (second time
Because of memory )
Acquired by expertise

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What prevents most infections

Physical barriers to the body

Skin , cilia , stomach acid , enzymes , body is very good at this

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Look at haematopoesis

Manufacturing of blood cells

-look at flow graph

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Describe the key features of immune cells

Capable of self renewal
Multipotent - can generate multiple lineages
Produced in bone marrow

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Name three nonspecific defences

once a pathogen has got past the physical barriers

Non-specific defences

1) Antimicrobial proteins
2) Natural killer cells and phagocytes
3) Inflammation

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Name three types of antimicrobial proteins

Interferons (IFNs)

Compliment

Transferrin’s

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Describe transferrin’s action on microbes

iron binding proteins that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing available iron.

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Describe the action of interferons on microbes

produced by
how the act as an antimicrobial
types

produced by lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts that have been infected by viruses.
Trigger cellular pathways making neighbouring cells more resistant to viral infection (producing antiviral proteins)
These interfere with viral replication

Three types alpha beta and gamma interferons

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Describe the action of compliment antimicrobial proteins

- where found

Normally found inactive in blood plasma + on plasma membranes (where it forms compliment system)

When activated = enhanced inflammatory response

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Naturally killer cells are a specialised type of

granular lymphocytes

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Describe the action of natural killer cells

protect against
how are they triggered
how they neutralise pathogens

Defence against tumours + viruses
Recognise the effects on the cell not the pathogens itself (lack of host protein or presence of host protein)

Natural killers attack abnormal cell membrane proteins called histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

Release perforins/bind + damage cells dircxtly

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Name three types of phagocytes

Neutrophil
Dendrite cell
Macrophage

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Describe dendritic cells in immune response

Found throughout the body 
Phagocytosis 
Motile
Link between innate and adaptive immune responders 
Antigen presenting cells

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Describe macrophages

Found in most, if not all tissues
Highly phagocytic and antimicrobialDirects both innate and adaptive through secretion of cytokines and antigen presentationImportant for non-inflammatory clearance of apoptotic cells

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Describe neutrophils

Short-lived found normally in bloodMigrates during inflammationHighly phagocytic granulocyteProduces vast repertoire of antimicrobial factors

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Describe phagocytosis

Moves towards microbes 
Attaches to microbes 
Microbes indulged 
Fuses with a lysosome 
Lysozymes breakdown microbe 
Excreted at cell surface 
Cn be antigen presenting

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Describe how inflammation acts to fight a pathogen infection

+ three phases

Increased blood flow
Traps pathogen
Aids inflow of immune cells

3 major phases
Vasodilation
Increased permeability of blood vessels
Phagocyte migration

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Name three components that mediate the inflammatory response

Histamine
Kinins
Prostaglandins

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Histamine + inflammation

released by
action

released by mast cells in connective tissue, and by basophils and platelets in response to injury.

Histamine attracts neutrophils and macrophages
induces vasodilatation and an increased permeability of blood vessels.

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Kinins + inflammation

formed from
causes

Formed from inactive precursor molecules called the kininogens,

Causes vasodilation, increased permeability to blood and promotes chemotaxis by phagocytes.

Prostaglandins + inflammation

Released by
effect

Lipids
Released by damaged cells

intensify the effects of histamine and the kinins, and also the migration of phagocytes through capillary walls

Leukotrienes and inflammation
Released by
Action

LTs are released by basophils and mast cells .

Acts to guide phagocytes
increase permeability of blood vessels
and also function in the adherence of phagocytes to pathogen

Complement + inflammation
What is it ?
Action

Array of diff companants
Realest histamine
Attraction of neutaphils

promotion of phagocytosis
+ direct destruction of bacteria (membrane attack complex )

What happens when a tissue Injury happens

Damage to cells / basophils/ platelets These cells secrete cytokines Cytokines promote vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessel + clotting cascade Migration of phagocytes cells (neutrophils then macrophages ) via diapedesis Formation of puss on macrophage death

What happens if puss doesn’t disperse /drain ( patient has poor circulation )

abscess or inflamed spot if the superficial inflamed tissue sloughs away leaving an open running sore, an ulcer. Ulceration can take place aka static ulcers

Fever + infection Why- Causes

the release of cytokines and interleukin-1 by bacterial toxins hypothalamic thermoregulatory set point being elevated Increased temperature can enhance the activity of interferons and increase the activity of macrophages, whilst also inhibiting the replication of bacterial cells. increase biochemical reactions and an increase in the activity of enzymes associated with repair

Macrophage homeostasis Where found ? Role

Macrophages found everywhere homeostasis e.g red blood cells tissue remodelling Macrophages ingest and process foreign material, dead cells and debris Expected receptors on surface

Name 3 types of receptors macrophages present on their cell surface (That aren’t presented in heathy cells ) + 4 surface molecules commonly used in reaserch

Scavenger receptors for recognition of apoptotic and necrotic cells, opsonised pathogens, cell debris Toll-like receptors for recognition of pathogens Pattern recognition receptors which detect which detect “non-self” or damage F4/80 (mouse) CD 11b and CD18 (MAC-1) CD68 Fc ᵧ receptors

Name the 4 major subsets of macrophages | +uses

Classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages): Defend against bacteria, protozoa, viruses; Anti-tumour activity. Alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages): Anti-inflammatory action; Regulate wound healing. Regulatory macrophages: Secrete large amounts of IL-10. Myeloid derived suppressor cells / tumor associated macrophages (TAMs): Suppress anti-tumor immunity.

``` Which of the following cell types does not develop from the common myeloid progenitor ? Natural killer cell Basophils Monocyte Erythrocytes ```

Natural killer

Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what cell type? Neutrophil T-cell B-cell Macrophage

Macrophages

Which of the following cell types or systems is not part of an innate immune response to a pathogen? Natural killer Cells Cytotoxic t-lymphocytes Phagocytes The inflammatory response

Cytotoxic t-lymphocytes

Name three function of the lymphatic systems

Draining excess interstitial fluid (Extracellular fluid) from the tissue spaces; Transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins around the body; Defence against disease or Immunity.

How are lymph’s formed ?

from blood plasma that filters from the blood capillaries into the interstitial space. Excess interstitial fluid passes through the endothelium of the lymphatic vessels and enters the lymphatic capillaries. This fluid resembles blood plasma, but lacks the larger plasma proteins.

What rate primary lymphatic organs ? | + function

Red bone marrow and thymus glad provide an environment in which mature white blood cells called the B and T lymphocytes can develop and mature

What are The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues ? | + functions

Lymph nodes, the spleen and lymphatic nodules most of the immune response occurs.

Describe what cells can differentiate from the common lymphoid progenitor And further ?

B cell - plasma cell T cell- activated T cell Natural killer cell - activated in celll Immature-mature dendritic cell

Name what cells can differentiate from the common myeloid progenitor

Dendritic cells Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor -(neutrophil Eosinophil basophil monocyte)-(mast cells ,macrophage ) Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor -(megakaryocyte )- platelets

Name what cells can differentiate from the Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor Any further ?

``` neutrophil Eosinophil basophil Precursor to mast cell - mast cells monocyte- macrophage ```

Name what cells can differentiate from the Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor Any further ?

megakaryocyte- platelets

Name what cells can differentiate from the erythroblasts Further ?

Erythrocytes

Where can you find mast cells and macrophages ?

In tissues

Where can you find Common progenitors Megakaryocytes and erythroblasts

In the bone marrow

``` Where can you find B cells T cells Nk cells Neutrophils Eosinophil basophil Precursor to mast cell - Monocytes Platelets and erythrocytes ```

In the blood

Where would you find erythrocytes ?

In the blood

Where would you find erythroblasts?

In the bone marrow

Where would you find mega karyocytes ?

In the bone marrow

What immune cells would you find in the cells of medulla within the lymph note ?

B cells Plasma cells Macrophages

What immune cells would you find in. The cells of the inner cortex of the lymph node

T cells | Dendritic cells

What immune cells would you find in the outer cortex of the lymph node (cells around the germinal centre + in terminal centre )

Around - B cells In - B cells , dendritic cells, macrophages