Wallace_Participles

Question 1

How does time work in reference to participles?

Answer 1

1. the point is reference is the controlling verb

2. time is dependent on the controlling verb

Question 2

in general how do the aorist, perfect, and present participle conceive time?

Answer 2

1. Aorist: antecedent time generally (if with an aorist verb, may be contemporaneous time)
2. Perfect: antecedent time generally
3. Present: typically contemporaneous

Question 3

What are some key take always concerning participle and aspect?

Answer 3

1. sometimes aspect is not as prominent (esp. substantival uses)
2. often generic uses are more gnomic (e.g. πᾶς ὀ ἀκουων)

Question 4

In general why does the participles relative time help in determining its usage?

Answer 4

Some examples:

1. purpose participles are normally future (sometimes present, but almost always never aorist or perfect)
2. causal participles are not in the future tense (the perfect, aorist, and present is routinely causal)
3. result participles are never perfect tense
4. means participles are normally present or aorist

Question 5

What are the categories of the adjectival participle?

Answer 5

1. functions like an adjective (common)

2. functions as a predicate; (will always lack the article; rare)

Question 6

What are some semantics of the substantival participle

Answer 6

1. focuses on the person or thing (infinitives focus on the act or fact of the doing)
2. the verbal aspect is still often and somewhat retained
3. the present aspect can be diminished based on context

Question 7

Like an adverb what questions do the adverbial participle answer?

Answer 7

When? (temporal); How? (means, manner); Why? (purpose, cause); etc.

Question 8

Since the English participle is generally more ambiguous than the Greek, what does this entail when translating?

Answer 8

For this reason the student is encouraged to translate the force of the participle with more than an -ing gloss

Question 9

What is the temporal adverbial participle? And what are some of its glosses?

Answer 9

1. answers the question when
2. Antecedent: after doing, after he did, (sometimes “when” if close to main verb)
3. Contemporaneous: while doing
4. Subsequent: before doing, before he does

Question 10

Once I have determined that an adverbial has a temporal element to it, what should I do?

Answer 10

1. Ask if there is a more semantic value intended
2. Most participles have some sort of time element
3. Is the author only describing when this happened or is he also indicating why or how it happened?

Question 11

What is the adverbial participle of manner?

Answer 11

1. the participle of style, adds color

Question 12

What is a question to aske to differentiate the participle of manner from means?

Answer 12

1. Does this participle explain or define the action of the main verb (means), or does it merely add extra color to the action (manner)

Question 13

What is the adverbial participle of cause?

Answer 13

1. indicates the cause, reason, or ground of the action of the finite verb (common)
2. Answers the question, why?
3. “since,” or “because”

Question 14

What is the adverbial participle of condition?

Answer 14

implies a condition on which the fulfillment of the idea indicated by the main verb depends; (can be translated with “if”; common)

Question 15

What is the adverbial participle of concession?

Answer 15

implies that the state or action of the main verb is true in spite of the state or action of the participle (can translate with “although”; common)

Question 16

What is the adverbial participle of purpose? And what are some translational options?

Answer 16

1. indicates the purpose of the action of the finite verb
2. unlike other participles a simple -ing does not work
3. translate like an infinitive or “with the purpose of” (mostly in present tense and always a future participle [x12 total]; almost always follows the controlling verb)

Question 17

What is the adverbial participle of result? And some important points (translational gloss)?

Answer 17

1. used to indicate the actual outcome or result of the action of the main verb
2. not opposite of purpose; only different emphasis
3. will follow the main verb
4. “with the result of,” “that”

Question 18

What are two types of the participle of result?

Answer 18

1. Logical: simultaneous, giving the logical outcome of the verb (“He was calling God his own Father, with the result of making himself equal to God.”)
2. Temporal: subsequent, stating the chronological outcome of the verb (“A cloud came with the result that it covered them.”)

Question 19

What is the participle of attendant circumstance

Answer 19

1. used to communicate an action that, in some sense, is coordinate with the finite verb (semantically it is dependent on a verb, but is translated as a finite verb (“‘Rise and’ eat.”)
2. the participle is something of a prerequisite before the action of the main verb can occur

Question 20

What are the structures that are 90% of the time present (all 5)?

Answer 20

1. participle and main verb are usually aorist
2. mood of main verb is usually imperative or indicative
3. participle will precede the main verb (in order and time)
4. frequent in narrative; infrequent elsewhere

Question 21

What is a periphrastic participle? And some of its structure?

Answer 21

1. an anarthrous participle used with a verb of being (such as εἰμι, ὑπαρχω) to form a finite verbal idea
2. Almost always nominative; rarely aorist
3. usually follows the verb (exp. ἧν ἐσθιων, “He was eating”)

Question 22

What is a pleonastic participle?

Answer 22

1. a verb of saying (or thinking) can be used with a participle with basically the same meaning (ἀπκοκριθεις εἶπεν; pleonastic = redundant)

Question 23

What is an independent verbal participle?

Answer 23

1. function as though they were finite verbs and are not dependent on any verb in the context for their mood (can function as indicate and imperative)
2. no participle should be explained in this way that can properly be connected with a finite verb

Question 24

What is an nominative absolute participle?

Answer 24

1. a substantival participle that fits the case description of nominative pendens
2. logical (not grammatical) subject at the beginning of a sentence; followed by a sentence in which that subject is taken up by a pronoun in the case required by the syntax
   (not to be confused with the nominative absolute pertaining to the nounal case, that has a different connotation)

Question 25

What is an genitive absolute participle?

Answer 25

1. noun or pronoun in the genitive case (may be absent)
2. anarthrous genitive participle (alays)
3. front of sentence (usually
4. different subject than sentence
5. participle is always adverbial (or at leas dependent-verbal)
6. 90% temporal

Question 26

What is the difference between the nominative and genitive absolute participles?

Answer 26

1. nominative absolute participle is always substantival

2. genitive absolute participle is always adverbial (or at leas dependent-verbal)