Wallace_Tense; Present

Question 1

With reference to aspect, the present tense is what category? And what does this indicate about fulfillment?

Answer 1

1. internal 2. It makes no comment about fulfillment or completion(it portrays the action from the inside of the event without regard for beginning or end; “focuses on its development or progress”)

Question 2

What are the three categories that the present tense can be grouped into? And what are the emphases?

Answer 2

1. “narrow-band”; the action is portrayed as occurring over a short interval2. “broad-band”; the action is portrayed as occurring over a long interval3. special uses: involve time frame other than the present

Question 3

What is the instantaneous present?

Answer 3

Indicates that an action is completed at the moment of speaking (occurs only in the indicative; verbs of saying or thinking)

Question 4

What is the progressive present?

Answer 4

indicates an action in progress (especially in narrative literature; though more narrow than customary or gnomic)

Question 5

What is the difference between the progressive and iterative (customary) present?

Answer 5

1. progressive: continuous action2. iterative: repeated action

Question 6

What are the translational keys for the progressive present?

Answer 6

“at this present time,” “right now”

Question 7

What is the extending-from-past present (present of past action still in progress)?

Answer 7

indicates action that begun in the past and continues in the present (“I have served you for these many years”)

Question 8

How does the extending-from-past present and the perfect differ?

Answer 8

1. the extending-from-past present focuses on present time2. the perfect speaks only about results existing at present time

Question 9

What is the iterative present?

Answer 9

indicates action that repeatedly happens (frequently found in the imperative mood)

Question 10

What is the distributive present?

Answer 10

action that is distributed to more than one object

Question 11

What is the translational keys for the iterative present?

Answer 11

“repeatedly” or “continuously”

Question 12

What is the customary (habitual or general) present?

Answer 12

indicates an action that regularly occurs or is ongoing

Question 13

What are the translational keys for the customary present for both action and stative verbs?

Answer 13

1. Action: “customarily,” “habitually”2. Stative: “continually”

Question 14

What is the gnomic present?

Answer 14

indicates of general, timeless fact (no time limits; used in proverbial statements, maxims; “the wind blows,” “God loves…,” “everyone who divorces his wife”; πᾶς ὀ + present participle is routine)

Question 15

What is the translational keys for the gnomic present?

Answer 15

“as a general, timeless fact”

Question 16

What is the historical present?

Answer 16

a past event described in the present for vividness

Question 17

What are 6 important elements of the historical present? (don’t worry about memorizing, just familiarize)

Answer 17

1. no ongoing aspect2. exclusively in narrative literature3. exclusively in third person4. occurs only with verbs of action (not equative verbs)5. used only in indicative mood6. λεγει/λεγουσιν account for 50% of its uses

Question 18

What is a perfective present?

Answer 18

used to emphasize that the results of a past action are still continuing (not common)

Question 19

What are the two categories of the conative present?

Answer 19

1. conative: attempting to do something 2: Voluntative: desiring to do something3: tendential: almost doing something(relatively rare)

Question 20

What is the futuristic present?

Answer 20

used to describe a future event that has the connotation of immediacy and/or certainty (common)(typically words such as ἐρχομαι, -βαινω, πορεύομαι, , etc.)

Question 21

What is the present retained in indirect discourse?

Answer 21

typically the tense of the Greek verb in indirect discourse is retained from the direct discourse (unlike in English which pushes the tense back one slot)(common, esp Gospel and Acts)

Question 22

How do you diagram an instantaneous present?

Answer 22

Past / Present / Future

*

Question 23

How do you diagram a progressive present?

Answer 23

Past / Present / Future

———-

Question 24

How do you diagram an extending-from-past-present?

Answer 24

Past / Present / Future

*—————-

Question 25

How do you diagram an iterative present?

Answer 25

Past / Present / Future

** * * * *

Question 26

How do you diagram a customary present?

Answer 26

Past / Present / Future
* * * * * * * * * *
or
———————–

Question 27

How do you diagram a gnomic present?

Answer 27

Past / Present / Future

Question 28

How do you diagram an historical present?

Answer 28

Past / Present / Future

*

Question 29

How do you diagram a perfective present?

Answer 29

Past / Present / Future

*(—————-)

Question 30

How do you diagram a true conative present? (in progress, but not complete)

Answer 30

Past / Present / Future

———-o

Question 31

How do you diagram a voluntative/tendential present? (about/desired to be attempted)

Answer 31

Past / Present / Future

o

Question 32

How do you diagram a completely futuristic present?

Answer 32

Past / Present / Future

*

Question 33

How do you diagram a mostly futuristic present (ingressive-futuristic)

Answer 33

Past / Present / Future

*(—————-)