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Winter 2022 - Introduction to international affairs > War and Conflict > Flashcards

War and Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

How did nuclear wars change the face of war?

A

No longer need armies

Create wars against the entire population

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2
Q

How many new wars emerge per year?

A

2.22

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3
Q

How many deaths since the 1900 caused by wars and conflicts? What is crucial but not included in those stats?

A

111 Million

Damage that is not death. Loss, property damage, sexual violence

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4
Q

How many decades between the wars in which the US participate?

A

less than 2

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5
Q

American National defence strategy is very ______ (paradigm)

A

Realist

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6
Q

What was the American National Defence strategy in 2018? What is interesting about this?

A

Blocking China and Russia from challenging us & our allies
Keep our rivals from throwing off the international system.
World depends on the US military. We expect them to save us.

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7
Q

Which are the 3 countries that have the largest sum of money spent on military per capita?

A

US, Norway, Australia

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8
Q

Which are the 3 countries that have the largest sum of money spent on military per capita?

A

US, Norway, Australia

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9
Q

The US increases their military spending every year since…

A

the cold war

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10
Q

What is the name of Canada’s military defence policy?

A

Strong, secured, engaged

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11
Q

What is a symmetric state war?

A

Inter-state. Includes 2 or more states

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12
Q

What is a Total symmetric state war versus a limited symmetric state war?

A

Total means every resource is engaged in war. Total in character, there is no school, the war effort starts. Often brings social change.
Limited means only certain areas, targets, sectors, and weapons are used.

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13
Q

What are the 2 criteria that dictate the types of wars?

A 
Political status (state versus non-state)
Where the war takes place.
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14
Q

What is an Asymmetric war? Why is it called that?

A

Between a state and at least one non-state.

Symetric cause two armies, asymetric cause state is bigger than non-state.

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15
Q

What is an intra-state asymmetric conflict?

A

Within state borders. One non state versus a state. Also called a civil war. People versus state/military. They can become internationalized (which would make them intra-state).

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16
Q

Example of Intra-state violent conflict.

A

Syria

Bosnia/Herzogovina versus serbs

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17
Q

What is an extra-state asymmetric war? Example

A

Extra state or extra-systemic violence conflict happens outside the state borders. It takes place between a state and non-state.
For example, the war against ISIS. War against taliban

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18
Q

What is a sub-state asymmetric conflict?

A

The conflict between non-state actors independent of existing borders. Often anti-government movements, militarized rebels, smaller scale.
Often a nationalist, terrorist, extremist group. Fight against values, ideas- war on terror.

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19
Q

What are other forms of conflict?
Coercive diplomacy called _____ ______ ______.
Give examples

A 
Mobilization of force
Economic sanctions
rising military alert level
warning shoes flexing publicised military exercise 
small scale weaponized confrontation.
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20
Q

What trends are we seeing in international conflict:

  • civil conflict with foreign state intervention
  • civil conflicts
  • Intra-state
  • colonial imperial conflicts
A

More conflicts than ever before
Lots of civil conflict
little intra state
Almost none imperial conflicts

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21
Q 
Old face versus new face of war: 
Whose fighting?
Distinction (civilians, combattant)
victims
ways of controlling territory 
front lines
financing
A

Before: Inter-state Now: Lots of non-states
Before: civilians not targeted Now: hard to make dinstinction between combattants, criminals, civiilians
Before: control throught military power Now: Control with controling population (rape, displacement)
Before: clear front lines NOw: patchworks of different groups
Before: Long-term economic plans Now: Hostages, illegal trade, etc.

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22
Q

Global Peace Index:
Increase or decrease?
Least peaceful countries? US?
Trend in GDP and growing GPI?

A

Decrease for 13 year in a row
Syria, Yemen, South Sudan, Iraq
US is 122 in most peaceful
GDP increase, GPI increase

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23
Q

What is pacifism? Gandy’s point of view?

A

Non-violence
No moral way of doing war. If there is an intent to kill or do bodily harm = immoral
He even says soldiers are murderers.

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24
Q

Which country has no army?

A

Costa Rica

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25
Q

Jus ad Bellum (Justice __ war).
six crietria:
Exceptions

A

Justice of war
1- Just cause (clear threat)
2- Right intention (establish just peace).
3- Last resort (exhausted every other way)
4- competent authority (Only states can wage wars)
5- Probability of success (if no chance of winning, unecessary loss)
5- Limited objectives (targets are limited).
Self-defence
UN forces a country to enter war (like they forced Nato into Syria).

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26
Q

Who is bound by International humanitarian Law?

A

States who signed the geneva convention and ratifie the court
Must incorporate laws into their code.

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27
Q

international humanitarian law applies to which conflicts?

A

Inter states and non-international armed conflicts.

For everyone

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28
Q

What are some indirect casualities faced by civilians?

A 
Indirect famine, dicease, or lawlessness in the country
sexual violence in war
Forced displacement outisde of war zones
children soldiers
economic and social casualties
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29
Q

_____ refugees are children
2/3 are from ___, ____, _____, ____, _____.
Where are most refugees hosted?

A

1/2
Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar, Somalia
Other poor countries next to theirs

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30
Q

How many people are displaced? How many internally displaced?

A

71M

half of those

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31
Q

Unless there are treaties that say otherwise, only ______ can be prosecuted by the Criminal Code of Canada. International humanitarian Law…

A

canadian citizens

universal jurisdiction

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32
Q

International crimes can be prosecuted where?

A

Either national courts or by the ICC

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33
Q

What are international crimes? Where are they found?

A

No book with all the crimes.
ICC is customary law, made through precedence.
270 international treaties. States have to bring their criminals or Un mandates states to.

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34
Q

What are the 6 main causes of war

A

Ideas: ethnic, religious, ideological
Interests: teritorial, govt, economic

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35
Q

Ethnic cause of war is often _____. Meaning that it is tied to the pursuit of statehood or _____ inside a state.
Often linked to p_______.
Examples?

A

Territorial
uniformity
patriotism
Rwanda and Yugoslavia

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36
Q

What is ethnocentrism?
What is dehumanization?
How are these two concepts and education connected to the ethnic cause of war?

A

Us vs. Them. Centered around my ethnicity
Attacks dignity of another group.
Cultural assimilation, and wipe out cultural groups.

Those are all causes and means to do ethnic war.

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37
Q

Why does ethnic war often have longstanding historical roots?

A

Colonialism

Some people have a lack of home, so they want to redraw borders, and stuff.

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38
Q

What are the 5 parts of genocide? (five acts for tactical extermination of a group).

A
  • Killing
  • Bodily/mental serious harm
  • Hurt conditions of life to a point which causes severe physical destruction
  • Prevent birth
  • Forcibly transferring children
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39
Q

When was the first conviction for genocide? Why did it take so long?

A

1998
Need intent + proven beyond reasonable doubt
`

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40
Q

What technique is often used in ethnic cleansing and went really well for the Nazis? When became a war crime?

A

Systemic rape

1949

41
Q

What is the state’s responsibility regarding war? What happens when they can’t?

A

Protect citizens against crimes.

international community has the authority (from the UN security council) to protect citizens.

42
Q

What is the issue with the fact that states/international community has the responsibility to protect citizens against crimes?

A

Well not everyone consideres the same things okay. So states wont protect against certain things if they consider it to be okay.

43
Q

What are the three situations in which we can tell that religion and politics do not go together?

A

Government + religion: theocracy like in Iran
Religion is persecuted: North Korea. Often communist regimes.
Religion is not in the constitution: We say not religious discrimination. Then can become too seperated.

44
Q

Why is religious intolerance growing in some countries? Common in which religions?

A

People often think that some religions are fundamentalists or extremist.
More common in religions with strict rules.

45
Q

What is an adversarial religion? How does that create conflicts?

A

This means that if you don’t agree with the ideas of religion, you are wrong. Especially if atheist.
Thus, this becomes fundamental.

46
Q

Islamic fundamentalism: What do fundamentalist groups advocate for?

A

They advocate for islamic government. They want sharia Law (like in Iran, Saudi Arabia).

47
Q

Christian fundamentalism:
Worse record for…
Political significance?

A

Worse record for using religion for extreme repression and even terror.
Political significance is decreasing.

48
Q

Who is more likely to cause violence? Right or left?

A

Extreme right.

49
Q

How do people start wars for ideological conflicts? 5 steps.

A 
1- not right. Injustice/deprivation. 
2- Not fair. Compaired to other groups. 
3- Blame said group. 
4- Evil/demonize that group. Stereotypes, dehumanize, generalize)
5- create a us versus them.
50
Q

Explain the cycle on how people become radicalized?

A 
Person is personally affected by something. 
Affinity with similar people. 
Enabler. So we reinforce this idea. 
broadcasting intent (post plans)
Trigger
Terrorism attack.
51
Q

Terrorism is a ____ motivated violence aimed at ____ in order to spread ____ &______.
VS.
Global terrorism index definition:
_____ or ____ use of _____ force and violence by _____ actor to attain ____, ____, ____, ____, goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation.

A

Politically civilians alarm and fear

Threatened or actual - illegal - non-state - political, social, economic, or religious

52
Q

Terrorism is/is not impulsive.
Often used by _______ to achieve ______ objectives.
Often used against ____. (example).

A

Is not
weak military groups - limited
foreign occupation (response to occupation of US in a country).

53
Q

What are the impacts of terrorism?

A

Few casualties, lots of fear.

54
Q

What is Transnational terrorism?

A

Terrorist act in one country, that involves victim, targets, institutions, govt, citizens from another country.

55
Q

What is domestic terrorism?

A

Violence against civilian population or infrastructure of a nation. Not always by citizens of that nation, by usually with intense to intimidate, coerce, or influence national policy.

56
Q

Nationalist terrorism?

A

Linked to nationalism, separation, self-determination.

57
Q

How would religious ideas become terrorism?

A

Violence is a divine duty and is necessary to achieve .

58
Q

How can terrorism be ideological?

A

Protect values, or believes of people.

Like ANTIFA, extreme left.

59
Q

What is populism? What is its role in terrorism?

A

Cater to population ideas. Often to seduce the mass and be political entertainment.
Legitimizes extreme ideas.

60
Q

What is the current trends in ideological terrorism?

A

On the rise in the last years, but smaller scale. Fewer deaths per attack. Wide effects of fear.

61
Q

Why is the Ukrainian conflict non-traditional? Security vacuum?

A

Stimulating non-traditional terrorism.
Cyber-securism,
Also, other conflicts get no attention.

62
Q

Where are most of the terrorist attack mostly happening? Kind of terrorism?

A

Sub-saharan africa. 48%. Also, called Sahel region (Mali, Niger, etc.)
Domestic.

63
Q

Where is the largest rise of terrorist attack recently>

A

Myanmar

64
Q

What is the trend of ideological/religious terrorism in the west?

A

ideological increasing.

Religious decrease of 82%.

65
Q

Explain terrorism isis?

A

Privately funded by countries and rich individuals. Cells in every continent. They have advanced tech.

66
Q

What is positive peace? elements 8

A

Sustainable peace. When there’s a stable, well-functioning government that works for the common good. Free flow of information, cooperation, high HDI, acceptance of rights of others, low levels of corruption, good business, etc.

67
Q

International political economy is the economic analysis of global dynamics of _____ that influences ____,_____,_____, etc.

A

power

decision, how we give aid, impacts the understanding of poverty.

68
Q

What is the realist view of the economy?
Growth of others?
dependency?

A

They see it as zero-sum. Power and military are related to the economy so the more the better.
They see the growth of China as a threat.
Dependency on others is bad. DIY policies.

69
Q

Realism:
what type of policies is often put in place by those countries?
They will often contribute subsidies to…
organizations international?

A

Protectionism and mercantilism
to their own industries.
dont believe in IMF, world trade organization or world bank.
Don’t believe in NAFTA.

70
Q

Liberalism:

What is their overall view of the economy?

A

Shouldn’t interfere with the economy.
Love free international trade because trade is one of the three aspects of peace. Kantian triangle.
Autarky/protectionism is bad.

71
Q

How do neo-marxist and leninist see the world? Two theories?

A

Global economy creates conflict between those who have and those who do not have.
Don’t believe in the trickle down effect. Having the rich get wealth doesnt mean that everyone else gets richer. It means unequal distribution.
Dependency theory and world systems theory.

72
Q

What is the feminist view of the economy? Main points.

A
  • Don’t measure or value the non-monetized economy.
    People who support the elder, the young, who participate in subsistence agriculture are often not-included.
  • Negative implocations for women because mainstream economy fails to recognize gender differences.
  • Policies encourage inequalities because women are more likley to spend on education and healthcare.
73
Q

What are the new foreign aid policies called in Canada?

A

Feminist aid.

74
Q

What is the environmentalist view of the economy?

A

Limits the amount of capitalist economy (for banning products, subsiding certain industries).
Used to be laughed at, and taken more seriously in the last 10 years.
Advocating for policy making need to shift their thinking away from natural environment loss.
Into doughnut economic model.

75
Q

What are the 3 ways to see poverty being persistent?

A

1- People will naturally grow out of poverty
2- Fault against people: some are more equipped than others and if you give them resources they will fix it.
3- Poverty traps. Structural traps against (human, natural, financial, physical, social).

76
Q

Less developed countries have __________. because of those, they are likely to stay poor.
Constructivist approach.

A

Structural barriers to growth.

77
Q

What are some of the obstacles (poverty trap)

A
  • Limited credit & capital market (borrowing money, investment) no money no loans, no loans no money.
  • Largest impact of climate change and less prepared to dealth with them.
  • Capital flight (train people and then they leave. People who make money don’t reinvest in the country they often leave).
  • Education system (people dont stay and schools have no funding)
  • Disease ecology : event that are preventable, like disease, spread quickly and kill people. No healthcare, no hygiene,.
  • Lack of public healthcare
  • Often conflict, war and unstable govt.
  • History of (often non-settler) colonialism.
  • Social inequality
  • Low HDI
78
Q

what is poverty?

A

Lack basic needs
Income below poverty line
Recipients/dependent on aid (welfare, charity)
Subjective perception of poverty (multi-dimensional poverty).

79
Q

What is multi-dimensional poverty?

A

Not only about money. Its about not having the necessary factors to escape the poverty trap.

80
Q

Name some factors of multidimensional poverty?

A

Health - nutrition and child mortality
Education - years of schooling and school attendance
Standard of living sanitary and safety, drinking water, cooking fuel

81
Q

What is the conference that emerged from WW2? What are the 3 institutions and what do they do>

A

Bretton Woods

  • Gatt now called the WTO (general agreement of tarifs and trade)
  • IMF: Emergency short terms loans. Stabilized currency, washinton consensus.
  • World Bank: Long term loans. Independent from the UN and the IMF. Last resort when no private investors.
82
Q

The econpmy is ____ and should always _____ (according to capitalism).
Worth ____$\
4 countries, _____, ______, _______, ________.

A

massive
grow
94
china, Japan, US, Germany.

83
Q

2- ____ flows are increasing: Economies are ________.
Lots of trade ________ (region)
Countries that are in less trade are ____ wealthy.

A

trade - interconnected
Asian-pacifique
less

84
Q

Foreign direct investment:

A
  • Buying debt

- Investing in other countries

85
Q

Global ___ chain and division of _____.

- what does this mean?

A

No one makes the same thing and we all depend on each other.

86
Q

The economy is ___ driven.

- Those compagnies are at the top of the world?

A

tech

compagnies that are tech are at the top of the world (amazon, alphabet, facebook)

87
Q

What is the difference between inequality and inequity?

A

InequalityL unequel distribution of outcomes

inequity: unequal distribution of opportunties.

88
Q

6- Increasingly ____ distribution of welath:

  • what drives this (many)
  • Poof
A 
uneven
- Non-settler colonies
- less developped 
- political instability
Proof
- Co2 emission per capita 
- Global commons (what we all share is capitalized, privatized, and destroyed). 
- Gender inequality are not solved
89
Q

7- High __ inequality:

Who are the best/worse

A

HDI
Norway, Ireland,
Niger, central african republic

90
Q

What are the 5 main reasons why we need to adress inequality?

A
  • Human ingenuity wasted when not access. So half the population (and more) is not reaching their full potential.
  • Undermines society and institutions (rich people decide where the money goes, so narrow interests over the common good)
  • Vertical inequality and horizontal inequality lead to rise in crime and conflicts. This impacts social cohesion.
  • Economic growth does not impact the poored individuals in an unequal society.
  • Poverty is generational
91
Q

Modernization theory: 1940s-1950s

A

Poor countries are backwards, immature.
If they modernize they will know success
- Justifies western superiority
- most of the wealthy countries today are like that because they expolited others before
- Eruo-western centric
- Western nations often win from and are the cause of poverty, cant follow their path, its not sustainbale.

92
Q

2- Dependency theory:

A

because low income countries are exploited by higher income countries.
Not immature, just oprressed.
The only way to succeed is to exploit others which is not the way to go.
No solutions, only focuses on external factors.

93
Q

3- Liberal washington consensus theory:

A

offers 10 steps called structural adjustments.

94
Q

What are the three motivations for territorial disputes?

A
95
Q

What are the three motivations for territorial disputes?

A
95
Q

What are the three (or 5) motivations for territorial disputes?

A

nationalism: provincial/regional motivations
Ethnic: nationalism and ethnic cleansing
Historical, cultural, religious: colonialism

96
Q

Example of territorial dispute:

A

Artic trade waters for russia, scandanavia, canada, US
South CHina Sea: trade waters between many countries such as taiwan, japan, etc. China claims 80%, if people trade, or exploit resources = permission or reason for confict.

97
Q

What are the ways to understand sustainable development for UN monsieur?

A

1- Ways to understand the world and its complex problems. All its social, economic, environmental, political aspects
2- sensible goals

Winter 2022 - Introduction to international affairs (3 decks)

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