Water Balance

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The balance and maintenance of various substances and molecules in the body in response to environmental changes

Question 2

Feedback loop

Answer 2

Mechanisms that maintain balance

Question 3

Set point

Answer 3

Ideal range or middle point of the body

Question 4

Water cooling

Answer 4

Water absorbs heat energy

Question 5

Camel nose example

Answer 5

When air is inhaled some of the moisture evaporates. This evaporated moisture can be used to cool the blood passing through the nasal cavity. This cooled blood is then passed between warm blood going to the brain. Countercurrent flow cools the warm blood.

Question 6

Osmolarity

Answer 6

the control of water flow by having water balance solute concentrations

Question 7

Electrolytes

Answer 7

ions in water

Question 8

Osmoconformer

Answer 8

having the same concentration of ions inside cell and outside in the environment (jellyfish)

Question 9

Osmoregulators

Answer 9

using homeostasis mechanisms to maintain a specific internal environment (terrestrial invertebrates and vertebrates)

Question 10

Apical membrane

Answer 10

The part of the membrane that faces the external environment

Question 11

Basolateral membrane

Answer 11

the part of the membrane that faces the inside of a cell

Question 12

Sharks Osmoconformers example

Answer 12

Sharks have the same osmolarity as the water they are in, but lower salt concentrations. To balance this in certain parts of their body that doesn’t need as much salt, they make urea. urea causes low salt concentration

Question 13

Sodium-Potassium pumps

Answer 13

3 sodium out and 2 potassium in. Changes the polarity of a membrane.

Question 14

Mechanisms for creating lower solute concentration

Answer 14

1. Sodium-Potassium ATPase pumps 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in
2. Cotransporter brings the ions in like Cl- / Na+ / K+
3. Cl- diffuses out to sea and k+ moves into body through diffusion
4. Na+ diffuses into lumen

Question 15

Water gain and loss in land animals

Answer 15

Gain - Drinking and eatings
Lose - urine, feces, breathing, and evaporation

Question 16

Cuticle

Answer 16

Wax layer of the skin that prevents water loss

Question 17

Mechanisms to remove nitrogenous waste

Answer 17

Ammonia, Uric acid, and Urea

Question 18

Ammonia

Answer 18

Used to remove nitrogenous waste when lots of water is present and it is the easist to make

Question 19

Uric acid

Answer 19

Used to remove nitrogenous waste, but needs lots of energy and does not need much water

Question 20

Urea

Answer 20

Used tor remove nitrogenous waste and requires some energy, but it is harmless to the body

Question 21

Order of Kidney tubes

Answer 21

1. Renal capsule
2. proximal tubule
3. Descending loop of henle
4. ascending loop of henle
5. Distal tube
6. collecting duct

Question 22

Kidney

Answer 22

Used for blood filtration in most terrestiral vertebrates

Question 23

Renal capsule

Answer 23

Pushes all filtrate out of the blood in the glomerulus due to the pressure of Bowman’s capsule

Question 24

Proximal tubule

Answer 24

Tube of highly folded membrane that uses active transport to bring Na, glucose, Cl, and vitamins back into the blood

Question 25

Proximal tubule mechanisms

Answer 25

1. Sodium-potassium pump changes the cell membrane to be more negative, thus causing Na to enter the cell
2. Na acts as a cotransporter for gluscose, cl and vitamins,
3. The increasing concentration inside the cell and the lower concentration in the intercellular space and blood cause glucose, cl and vitamins to reenter the blood.
4. K diffuses into the intercellular space
5. Water follows the solutes through aquaporins

Question 26

Decending loop of henle

Answer 26

Impermiable to solutes, but permiable to water

Question 27

Ascending loop of henle

Answer 27

Imperiable to water, but permeable to Na and Cl and can use active and passive transport to remove solutes

Question 28

Distal tubule

Answer 28

Reabsorbs certain solutes under the conditions of homeostasis. When needed aldosterone regulates reabsorbtion to prevent dehydration

Question 29

Aldosterone

Answer 29

Hormone released by the adrenal gland to regulate blood pressure by regulating Na and K levels. When more water is in the blood the pressure is higher and water follows solute

Question 30

Collecting duct

Answer 30

Water exits the urine to concentrate the urine

Question 31

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 31

A peptide hormone released from the pituitary gland causes ducts to be more permeable to water thus controling water retention

Question 32

Process of cooling blood in a camel’s nose

Answer 32

1. Hot air enters the nose and passes the highly folded membrane
2. The moist membrane causes water to evapourate from the hot air can cools the air
3. cooled air cools the blood and then goes to blood
4. When it is exhaled the water is condensed to prevent it from leaving the body

Question 33

Marine fish exchange through gills

Answer 33

1. Lower osmolarity of the gill tissue causes water to leave through the gills
2. Permeability allows them to gain electrolytes
3. Active transporter will get rid of excess electrolytes

Question 34

Fresh water fish exchange through gills

Answer 34

1. Water flows into the higher osmolarity gills
2. Lose ions by diffusion
3. active transporter brings water back into the gills