Water Based Specialty Systems Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
What is Air-Foam (mechanical foam)
A
Aggregation of air filled bubbles that has a lower specific gravity then the lightest flammable liquid
2
Q
Air foam is used to primarily form what on a fire
A
Floating blanket on flammable liquids light then water
3
Q
How does air foam prevent or extinguish a fire
A
By excluding air and cooling the fuel
4
Q
Definition of foam concentrate
A
Liquid foaming agent as received from the manufacturer
5
Q
What is Protein Foam Concentrates
A
- Protein compound made from natural vegetable or animal sources (chicken beaks and feathers)
- non toxic and bio degradable
- CANNOT be used for subsurface applications
6
Q
What is Fluoroprotein Foam Concentrates
A
Very similar to protein foam, has additives that make it excellent for subsurface applications
7
Q
What does Aqueous Film Forming Foam do
A
-forms aqueous water based film on the surface
-moves across fuel 3-4x more quickly then conventional foam
8
Q
What is Film Forming Fluoroprotein Concentrates
A
Uses fluorinated surfactants to make a fluid film for suppressing hydrocarbon vapours
9
Q
Protein foam, Fluoroprotein foam, AFFF, FFFP are used at nominal concentration levels of
A
3-6% by volume of the solution discharge of the system
10
Q
6% solution is primarily used in
A
Existing Military Facilities (being phased out)
11
Q
Protein foam, Fluoroprotein foam, AFFF, FFFP are considered to be _____ expansion foams
A
Low
12
Q
Low expansion foam has an expansion rate up to
A
20:1
13
Q
How would you figure out the amount of gallons of foam a system could produce
A
3% foam concentrate with a 20:1 expansion ratio -
3 gallons of foam combines with 97 gallons of water to make 100 gallons of solution.
With a 20:1 expansion ratio, you would do 100gal x 20 = 2000gal of foam
14
Q
Different types and brands of concentrates shall not be ______
A
Mixed
15
Q
What pipe should is not compatible with most foam liquids
A
Galvanized piping
16
Q
A foam water sprinkler system is tested in the same manner as a
A
Deluge system
17
Q
Air foam for a definite period of time at a given density can be expressed as
A
Gallons per minute of air foam solution per square foot (gpm/sq.ft)
18
Q
After the system has completion of air foam discharge what will it do
A
Continue to discharge water
19
Q
Foam water sprinklers are open type sprinklers that are designed to
A
- receive air-foam solution
- direct the solution through integral foam maker
-provide mixing chamber capacity
20
Q
Foam spray nozzles combine what
A
Foam maker with a body and distributing deflector
21
Q
When filling a container with foam how is it done
A
-Pumped in from bottom
-long funnel to introduce it below liquid level
22
Q
How is medium or high expansion foam formed
A
Passage of air through a net, screen, that is wetted by an aqueous solution
23
Q
How do medium and high expansion foams differ
A
Medium expansion foam was developed to be more wind resistant then high expansion foam in outdoors
24
Q
2 types of foam generators are
A
-aspirators
-blowers
25
The capacity of foam generators is generally determined by
The time required to fill an enclosure by top application within 1-5 minutes
26
How does a foam aspirator work
Jet streams of foam solution aspirate air, which is then put through screens to produce foam
27
Aspirators generally produce foam with expansion rates of
250:1
28
Foam Blower generators operate how
Discharged as a spray onto screens where air is passing through from a fan or blower
29
The Blower to generate foam may be powered by
-electric motors
-internal combustion engines
-air
-gas
-hydraulic
-water motors
30
AFFF and FFFP will produce foam from a ______ sprinkler
Standard
31
If a standard sprinkler is going to be used for foam, what must it have
A specific listing to be used with foam
32
With water foam systems, the temp rating of sprinklers at the roof of ceiling should be within what range
250-300F
33
With water foam systems, the temp rating of sprinklers at an intermediate level should be within what range
135-170F
(Unless ambient conditions require more)
34
What systems can aqueous film forming foam be used in
-wet
-dry
-pre action
35
Overtime, the foam solutions react with steel pipe in what way
The solutions lose their capacity to produce foam
36
Pre-primed foam systems should be flushed when and through what
Annually, through a minimum 2” connection
37
What is the exception to not having to flush annually
Using special “alcohol type” AFFF or FFFP concentrates
38
What foams are susceptible to forming sediment when stored in solution
Alcohol type AFFF and FFFP
39
Alcohol Type AFFF and FFFP should not be
Pre primed without authorization from the manufacturer
40
What is the least desirable system to use with AFFF and FFFP
dry pipe systems
41
Why is there no need to pre prime a pre action system
Because it is proportioned into the system on operation
42
The design discharge rates for foam solutions should provide densities of not less then _____ for a period of ____ minutes
0.16gpm per sqft, for a period of 10 minutes
43
The discharge time over the demand area should never be less then
7 minutes
44
Water supplies should be capable of supplying the design area for
60 minutes
45
What is the preferred method for introducing foam concentrates
Balanced pressure injection
46
What information do orfice plate “tell tales” have on them
-Orifice diameter
-Direction of flow
-if flow characterics change w/ flow direction
47
With a foam concentrate injection system, the system should be arranged so that
Periodic tests and inspections can be made without discharging foam solution.
48
Two options are possible in locating the proportioning controller in the sprinkler riser which are
Before or after main sprinkler valve.
49
If the proportioning controller is located after the main sprinkler valve, what is needed
An additional supervised OS&Y valve
(To isolate the sprinklers during proportioning test)
50
Combustion is a process where fuel undergoes a rapid ______
Exothermic chemical reaction
(Release of heat) with an oxidizing agent (usually air)
51
Fuels can be classified as
Any material that can be oxidized
52
The products of combustion of an organic fuel are
Carbon dioxide and water
53
Two types of fuels are
Polar solvent and hydrocarbon
54
What is a polar solvent fuel?
High alcohol content
55
What type of foam for polar solvent?
Alcohol resistant type foam
56
examples of hydrocarbons are
Gasoline, diesel, heptane
57
Examples of polar solvents are
Methyl alcohol, acetone
58
What foam is required for hydrocarbon fuels?
Standard AFFF
59
Components of the fire tetrahedron
Fuel,
heat,
oxidizing agent,
chemical chain reaction
60
Green triangle is what type of fire
Class A - ordinary combustibles
61
Red square type of fire
Class B
Flammable liquids
62
Blue circle type of fire
Class C
energized electrical
63
Yellow star type of fire
Class D
Flammable metals
64
Black hexagon is what type of fire
Class K
Cooking oils and fats
65
How does a liquid fuel fire burn?
The vapours that are admitted from the service of the liquid are what is burning
66
What does flashpoint mean?
Minimum temperature of a liquid where a liquid will form a vapour in the air near it surface that will flash or briefly ignite
67
What temperature is the flashpoint for a flammable liquid?
Less than 73°F
68
In general flammable liquids cannot be extinguished with
Water
69
Examples of flammable liquids are
Diethyl ether - starting fluid
Gasoline
Solvent based cements
70
Method for extinguishing flammable liquids are
Foam systems.
Dry chemical
Gas systems
71
Combustible liquids have a higher flashpoint of what temperature
100°F or greater
72
Paint thinner has a flashpoint of
100°F or more but less than 140°F
73
Kerosine has a flashpoint of
140°F or more but below 200°F
74
Vegetable oil has a flashpoint of
200°F or more
75
Fuels are designated by their ability to mix with
Water
76
Fuels that mix with water are
Miscible
77
Fuels that do not mix with water are
Non-miscible
78
Non-miscible fuels are generally
Hydrocarbon fuels
79
Hydrocarbon fuels are derived from
Fossil fuels
80
Miscible fuels or chemicals are also known as
Soluble liquids, solvents, polar solvents
81
Expansion ratios of foam increase, depending on how much they are
Aerated or agitated
82
High expansion foam can only be discharged through what
Hi-Ex Generators
83
Low expansion foam ratio
1:1 to 20:1
84
Medium expansion ratio
20:1 to 200:1
85
High expansion foam ratio
200:1 to 1000:1
86
Define expansion ratio
It Is the comparison of final foam volume to the original foam solution before it’s added
87
Two types of foam are
Chemical and mechanical
88
The earliest chemical forms were based upon
A chemical reaction occurring between aluminum sulphate and sodium bicarbonate
89
How are mechanical foams produced?
By mixing foam, concentrate with water at appropriate concentration
90
6 types of foams are
-protein
-Fluoroprotein
-Film Forming Fluroprotien
-Aqueous Film Forming Foam
-Alcohol Resistant Concentrate
-Synthetic detergent
P.F.F.A.A.S
91
Protein foam is derived from
Naturally occurring sources of protein, such as chicken beaks and feathers
92
What is done to protein meal before it is put into protein foam?
It is hydrolyzed in the presence of lime converted to protein Hydroslate
93
What is fluoroprotein foam?
Derived from protein, with small amounts of fluorochemical suffocates are added
94
What is film forming fluoro protein?
Protein based foam which larger quantities of fluoro chemicals have been added
95
What do the fluoro chemicals do to the foam?
Increase mobility
96
What foam has a short shelf life
Fluoroprotein
97
What foam is completely synthetic
Aqueous film forming foam
98
What is in aqueous film forming foam
Combination of flurochemical and hydrocarbon surfactants
99
Alcohol resistant concentrate foam produces a foam that is effective on fuels such as
Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, acetone
100
What happens to standard foams on alcohol fires?
Agent bubbles collapse when applied to these types of fires
101
Most current alcohol resistant concentrate foams are based on
AFFF concentrates that water soluble polymer has been added
102
When alcohol resistant concentrate foam is put on a fuel what is formed
Polymeric membrane
103
AR-AFFFF can be used on
Hydro carbon and polar solvent fuels
104
What foam is the best cross functional performance for flame, knockdown, burn back resistance, and extended vapour suppression
AR-AFFF
105
AR-AFFF mixture % for use with polar solvent fuels
6%
106
AR-AFFF mixture for use with hydrocarbon fuels
3%
107
Synthetic detergent has what mixture in it
Non-Flurochemical, hydrocarbon type suficant
108
Synthetic detergents are mixtures of
Non-Fluro chemicals and hydrocarbon type surfactants
109
What is a surfactant
Chemicals that have the ability to change the surface properties of water
110
Synthetic detergents do not form
Aqueous films or polymeric membranes
111
What does synthetic detergent form
An aggregate of foam bubbles in the surface of the fuel
112
What is most used for high expansion and total flooding foam
Synthetic detergent
113
Air foam definition
Foam produced by the physical agitation of a solution of water and foam concentrate
114
Aspirate means
Draw air into the nozzle to mix with the foam solution
115
Batch mix means
Manual addition of foam concentrate to a water storage container
116
Biodegradation means
Decomposition by microbial action as with synthetic detergent or protein based agents
117
Boil over means
Violent ejection of flammable liquid from its container cause by vaporization of water beneath
118
Bund means
Contour land or a physically barrier that retains a fuel depth greater then 1”
119
Carcinogenic means
Cancer causing
120
Cohesive quality is
The ability to bind together substances
121
Dike means
Physical barrier that retains a fuel depth greater then 1”
122
Drainage (drop out) rate means
The rates at which bubbles from foam burst and release there solutions
123
Flash back means
Re-ignition of a flammable liquid caused by the exposure of its Vapour to an a ignition source
124
Flash point means
The temp at which a flammable liquid gives off enough vapour to ignite
125
Fluorocarbon is
An organic compound in which fluorine replaces hydrogen
126
Hydrocarbon pickup means
The characteristics of a fuel that is suspended or absorbed by expanded foam
127
Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
Hydrophobic means water hating
Hydrophilic means water liking
128
Line proportioner is a device that
Siphons foam from a container to make foam solution
129
Olephobic means
Oil hating
130
Pour point means
The lowest tempature at which foam concentrations is fluid enough to pour (generally 5F)
131
Pressure is determined by
Friction Loss
Head loss
Losses due to orifice plate
132
Quarter life (drain time) means
The time required in minutes for one fourth of the total liquid solution to drain the finished foam
Also referred to as 25% drainage time
133
Skin fire is a fire on a solid surface where the liquid is not present passed a depth of
1”
134
What is the simplest means of proportioning?
Premix/dump In method
135
What is the standard for low, medium and high expansion foam
NFPA 11
136
What is the only foam that can be used with the pre-mix/dump in method
AFFF
137
In the pre-mix/dumping method all the water is converted to
Foam solution
138
What is the most common proportioning system used for system applications?
Balanced pressure proportioning
139
Two basic types of balanced pressure proportioning are
Bladder and pump systems
140
Balance pressure proportioning systems use a modified device Venturi device
A proportioner or ratio controller
141
The bladder in a bladder tank is what kind
Elastomeric bladder
142
In a pump system, the automatic pressure balancing valve regulates what
The concentrate pressure to match water pressure
143
In the in-line balanced pressure proportioner the pressure control valve is located where
In the return line to storage tank.
Maintains constant pressure and supply manifold that is 15 to 20 psi higher than water pressure
144
Line proportioning systems use what kind of storage tanks
Atmospheric
145
What do line proportioning systems use to pull Foam into the system?
Eductor
146
Two kinds of discharge devices are
Air aspirated.
Non-air aspirated
147
What is required so flammable vapours do not travel down any opens of system piping
Vapour seal
148
Minimum density in foam systems
.16gpm/sqft
149
Design area in foam systems
5000sqft
150
Minimum discharge time in foam systems
10 minutes
151
Max sprinkler coverage area foam systems
12 ft
152
Max sprinkler spacing foam systems
12ft
153
Where is the fire department connection installed in a foam system?
Supply side of proportioner
154
Foam solution testing shall be done
Annually and only by manufacture
155
Foam tanks are Hydro tested how often
Every 10 years at system pressure
156
How full must the foam tank be at all times?
80%
(25% safety factor)
157
When conducting a foam solution test, you must flow the system through
The proportioner
158
Drainage rate is
Rate at which the foam solution will drain from the expanded foam mass
OR
25% of the solution to drain the foam (quarter life)
159
Modern day foam can be used with what
Seawater, freshwater, brackish water
160
Non-aspirating nozzles will throw the foam a greater ______
Distance
161
Sub surface methods can only be used with
Hydrocarbons
162
AFFF is suitable for use with _____
Dry chem
163
For an alcohol fire, what nozzle is best?
Air aspirating
164
Synthetic detergents generally are used with a concentrate level of
1.5% to 2.5%
165
What will provide a thermal insulation barriers around the liquid natural gas bill
500:1 expanded foam
166
What is class a foam concentrate
Biodegradable mixture of foaming and wedding agents
167
Adding class a foam, concentrate to water can increase the effectiveness up to how much
5x
168
Wedding agent is similar to class a it increases
Wetting effectiveness
169
What protein can be used with a high back pressure foam maker?
Fluoro protein
170
Fixed water spray systems typically have what kind of nozzles
Open nozzles
171
Guideline set out for freestanding, supports for fixed water Spray systems are found in what NFPA
NFPA 15
172
Ultra high speed water spray systems will deliver water within how long
100 milliseconds
173
In ultra high-speed fixed water spray systems the network piping is
Pre-primed
174
Some ultra high-speed water spray systems are capable of delivering water in is a little time as
10 milliseconds
175
Max distance of how far must be maintained between the nozzle and hazard for fixed water spray systems
36 inches
176
In fixed water spray systems any system installed with nozzles less than 3/8 must have what
A strainer
177
Water systems use fine water droplets under
Must be under 1000 microns
Generally 100 microns
178
Small water droplets in a water mist system allow the system to absorb more
Radiant heat than other systems
179
What is the main contributor to water droplet size?
Pressure
180
The lower the pressure the ____ the nozzle needs to be to the fire
Closer
181
What is the pressure in a low water mist system?
175 psi and under
182
What is the pressure in an intermediate pressure mist system?
176 - 500psi
183
High pressure water mist system, what is the system pressure
Over 500 psi
184
What does local application mean with water mist systems?
Apply water mist to a specific object
185
What does total flooding mean with a water mist system?
Flooding an entire compartment with water mist with all nozzles (deluge)
186
What does zoned application mean with water systems?
System aware of volume is protected by several distinct zone each with its own detection system
187
Water mist systems can be used with what kind of systems
Wet, dry, pre-action, deluge
188
Water miss systems use ____ water compared to normal systems
Less
189
What is one advantage of a water system because it uses less water?
Smaller pipe size
190
Water mist systems are used primarily on what class of fire
Class A
191
When can water mist systems be used on a class B fire
If water droplet size is under 400 microns
192
Without proof of compatibility water mist systems should not be used on what class of fire
Class C
193
What do water systems use to break the water droplets into a fine spray
Atomizing agent
194
Water and atomizing agent can be discharged to the nozzles in two ways in a water mist system which are
Single fluid system
Twin fluid system
195
What does a single fluid system do in a water mist system?
Water and atomizing agent are contained in the same pipe to discharge nozzles
196
What does a twin fluid system? Do in a water mist system?
Itemizing agent in water are in separate pipes
197
Two major factors that influence the need for water mist fire systems are
Marine use
Halon Systems
198
Water miss systems are good where available water supplies are
Limited or where the application of water might be restricted
199
Water mist system expands how much more than standard sprinklers
1700x
200
Water mist systems cannot be used where
-On materials that react with water.
-on liquified gases that are maintained at cold temperatures
201
Max size water mist fire system, light hazard
52,000sqft
202
Max size water mist system ordinary hazard
52,000sqft
203
Duration of water supply for water mist system in light hazard
30 minutes
204
Duration of water supply for water mist systems ordinary hazard
60-90 min
205
The droplet of a water mist system is = to
Dv0.99 which means 99% of the liquid volume is in drops of smaller diameter
206
3 influential characteristics for water mist systems
Density of spray
Spray velocity
Quality of water
207
What are Automatic water mist nozzles
Operate independently of other nozzles by means of activation built into nozzle
208
What are multifunctional water mist nozzle?
Capable of operation using both automatic and non-automatic
209
What are non-automatic water mist nozzles
Operate as an entire system or grouping of nozzles
210
Strainer shall be required where on water mist systems
-The water supply
-downstream of pipe not corrosion resistant
-downstream of any water or break tank
211
Pipe and fittings in water, my systems must have a minimum rated working pressure of
175 psi
212
The max pole force on a manual release for a water miss system weight and length
40Lbs and 14”
213
Where must the release device be located from a water mist system?
Not more than 4 feet above finished floor
(must be at least one)
214
Temperature limitations for devices in water mist systems is
40°F to 130°F
215
In low pressure water miss systems. What is the acceptance test?
The same as standard sprinklers
216
In high-pressure water mist systems what is the system acceptance test
-1.5x the working pressure for 10 minutes
-110 minutes at working pressure without loss
217
Air test for Low pressure water mist system consist of
The same as standard sprinklers
218
Nozzle shall be inspected from the floor ____
Annually
219
How many spare nozzles with less than 50 on site?
Three spare
220
How many spare nozzles with 50 to 300 nozzles on site?
6 spare
221
How many spare nozzles with 301 to 1000 nozzles on site?
12 spares
222
How many spare nozzles with more than 1000 nozzles on site
24 spare
223
Automatic nozzles require testing after how long
20 years
224
Automatic nozzles require testing after how long if in a harsh environment
5 years
225
Maximum response time for standard fixed water spray systems
40 seconds
226
Minimum discharge pressure for outdoor nozzles
20psi
227
Minimum discharge pressure for indoor nozzles
In accordance with their listing
228
Max size of ultra high speed water spray system
500 gallons
229
Minimum duration for ultra high speed spray systems
15 minutes
230
NFPA for water spray systems
NFPA 15
231
Water spray system components must be rated for a max working pressure of
175psi
232
Reconditioned devices are only permitted in fixed water spray systems when
Only in existing systems
233
Fixed water spray systems typically have ______ nozzles
Open
234
Maximum size of 500 gallons in fixed water systems can be exceed if activation time of ____ is met
100 milliseconds
235
What is the maximum spacing Between sprinklers on a foam water sprinkler system
12 feet
