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Healthy Populations Exam 3 > Water Quality & Fish Zoonoses > Flashcards

Water Quality & Fish Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main virus affecting marine species?

A

San Miguel Sea Lion Virus

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2
Q

Which is a gram negative bacillus that is one of the most common bacterial diseases of fish?

A

Aeromonas hydrophillus

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3
Q

Which bacterial species are of zoonotic potential?

A

Gram Neg: Aeromonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella tarda, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas
Gram Pos: Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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4
Q

What is the most common clinical sign in humans of Aeromonas spp?

A

Localized swelling at the site of infection

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5
Q

Which bacteria is called “red pest” in fish?

A

Vibrio spp.

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6
Q

Which bacterial species causes human infection via puncture wounds?

A

Vibrio spp.

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of vibrio infection in humans?

A

Necrotizing fasciitis, edema, and swelling at site of infection

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8
Q

What aquatic species does Edwardsiella tarda primarily affect?

A

Primarily catfish
Can also infect tilapia, striped bass, tropical fish

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9
Q

Edwardsiella tarda affects humans primarily by:

A

Puncture wounds

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10
Q

Clinical signs of Edwardsiella tarda infection in humans?

A

Necrotic skin lesions, gastroenteritis, meningitis

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11
Q

Streptococcus infection in humans (route and clinical signs):

A

Route: Puncture wound or existing abrasion
CS: Cellulitis, systemic arthritis, endocardiosis, meningitis, death

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12
Q

Which bacterial infection is also known as “fish handlers disease” in humans?

A

Mycobacterium spp.

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13
Q

Mycobacterium infections in humans generally cause what clinical sign:

A

Cutaneous lesions limited to extremities

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14
Q

Which Nocardia species is most common in aquatics?

A

N. asteroides

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15
Q

Humans infected with Nocardia spp. generally have what clinical sign:

A

cutaneous lesions limited to extremities

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16
Q

What are the two main fungal organism zoonoses in aquatic species?

A

Exophiala & Veronaea spp.

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17
Q

What is the main clinical sign of Exophiala & Veronaea infections in humans?

A

Cutaneous or systemic mycosis
Phaeohyphomycosis

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18
Q

What is the main nematode zoonoses in aquatic species?

A

Anisakiasis spp.

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19
Q

What is the main method of transmission for Anisakiasis spp?

A

Eating raw or undercooked freshwater or marine fish

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20
Q

Clinical signs of Anisakiasis infection?

A

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting within hours of eating (acute)

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21
Q

Potential risk factor for acquiring aquatic zoonoses?

A

Intensive contact with aquatic species

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22
Q

What are the standard safety practices for handling aquatic species to minimize zoonotic infections? (7)

A
  1. Avoid dead fish & discard of them properly
  2. Wear gloves
  3. Wash hands!!!!
  4. Avoid eating undercooked fish
  5. Awareness of zoonotic diseases
  6. Educate/inform client of health risk
  7. Advise personal physician of contact with aqautic species
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23
Q

What are the major groups we use to classify
aquatic populations?

A

Salinity
Water source
Temperature
System

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23
Q

What is THE most important factor when dealing with any aquatic species?

A

WATER QUALITY

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of an open water system?

A

Reliable, suitable water source
Excellent quality
High stocking densities
Raceways, pens, cages

25
Q

What are the characteristics of a closed water system?

A

Less total water
Generally better control over water quality
Limited stocking densities
Ponds, aquariums, recirculation systems

26
Q

What are the three things fish require?

A

Oxygen
Food
Clean water

27
Q

What are the four things fish produce?

A

Ammonia
CO2
Solid waste
Liquid waste

28
Q

Where is ammonia excreted?

A

Through the gills

29
Q

Describe the nitrification process:

A

Conversion of ammonia produced by fish into nitrite, and then nitrite to nitrate

30
Q

Top 5 parameters for water quality?

A

Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
pH
Ammonia
Nitrates & Nitrites

31
Q

How does temperature affect physiology of fish?

A

Affects metabolism and immune responses

32
Q

How does temperature stress fish?

A

Outside the optimal range, fast changes

33
Q

What are the sources of dissolved oxygen?

A

Diffusion, photosynthesis, chemical production

34
Q

What things deplete oxygen in aquariums?

A

Animal and plant respiration
Organic decompostition
Diel cycle- day vs. night
Less oxygen at warmer temperatures

35
Q

What would the fish be doing if oxygen in the tank is low?

A

Gulping at surface, lethargy, increased ventilatory effort

36
Q

What is the minimum oxygen requirements for fish?

A

~5 ppm

37
Q

What is the pH for freshwater and saltwater fish, and what pH causes death?

A

Fresh: 6.8-7.8 (optimal 7.2)
Salt: 7.8-8.6
Death: 4.0 and 11.0

38
Q

What is the primary waste product of fish?

A

Ammonia

39
Q

What is the desired ammonia concentration in an aquatic environment?

A

< 0.02 ppm

40
Q

As pH and temperature increase, ammonia concentration:

A

Increases

41
Q

What is more toxic: nitrates or nitrites?

A

Nitrites
Nitrates relatively nontoxic

42
Q

What is new tank syndrome?

A

Everything dies when put in new tank; takes 6+ weeks to overcome

43
Q

What are the different filtration techniques?

A

Mechanical: Remove particulate materials from water
Biological: conversion of toxic substances to non-toxic substances
Chemical: remove color or odorous compounds from water
Other: ozone, UV, etc.: removes pathogens and/or clarifies water

44
Q

What is salinity?

A

Salt ion concentration in water

45
Q

What is the general range of ideal salinity?

A

0-35 ppt

46
Q

What tools can we use to measure salinity?

A

Refractometer, hydrometer, specific gravity

47
Q

What are the water quality parameters for FRESHWATER species?

A

Temp (varies)
pH- 7.2 optimal (6.8-7.8)
Ammonia- <0.02 ppm
Nitrite- <0.10 ppm
Nitrate: <100 ppm
Salinity: 0 ppt (freshwater)

48
Q

What are the water quality parameters for MARINE species?

A

Temp (varies)
pH- 8.2 optimal (7.8-8.6)
Ammonia- <0.02 ppm
Nitrite- not applicable
Nitrate: <100 ppm
Salinity: 32 ppt (sea water)

49
Q

Why are chlorines and chloramines not a concern in municipal water supplies?

A

Typically have oxidizers that remove them

50
Q

What are the three main layers of the fish’s skin?

A

Epidermis
Scales
Dermis

51
Q

The epidermis is a ____ layer of skin, unlike ours

A

Living
Anything you do to that tissue is going to affect that fish

52
Q

What is the opercular cavity?

A

Contains respiratory structures, communicates with buccal cavity, bilaterally paired area and commonly covered by an operculum

53
Q

What are the parts of a gill?

A

Holobranch, hemibranch, filament and lamellae

54
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Lamellae of the gill!

55
Q

What are the three functions of the gills?

A

Respiration: gas exchange
Excretion: site of ammonia excretion
Osmoregulation: ion and mineral balance

56
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Process by which a fish adjusts and maintains homeostasis in a changing aquatic environment

57
Q

What is a primary stress response in fish?

A

Blood changes
I.e., increase in hormone levels

58
Q

What is a secondary stress response in fish?

A

Tissue response
I.e. metabolic changes

59
Q

What is a tertiary response in fish?

A

Population response
I.e. changes in whole animal health; behavioral changes

60
Q

What are clinical signs of disease in fish?

A

Changes in behavior
Decrease in appetite
Changes in coloration
Development of external lesions
Increased morbidity and mortality

61
Q
A

Healthy Populations Exam 3 (21 decks)

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