Water Resources

Question 1

Planet water: how much of earths surface

Answer 1

71

Question 2

Most water is not ?

Answer 2

Usable by humans

Question 3

Two major sources of liquid water for humans

Answer 3

Groundwater (29 percent)
Surface freshwater (1 percent)

Question 4

Groundwater
Describe it
Located below?
Flows …. beneath the surface …. to….. areas

How much percent of earths freshwaters
Contained within

Answer 4

Water beneath the surface held within pores in soil or rock

Below the water table

Slowly beneath the surface High to low pressure areas

Aquifers

Question 5

Aquifer definition

Porous formations of

Answer 5

Underground zone from which groundwater can be obtained

Of rocks sand gravel that hold water

Question 6

Surface freshwater

What are examples

Answer 6

Rivers stream

1 percent of freshwater

Question 7

Surface freshwater

Effluent stream
-perennial stream

Influent stream: entirely above ? And flows ?

A stream bed can have reaches that are ?

Answer 7

Flow is maintained during the dry season by groundwater
Flows all year

The water table/ only in direct response to precipitation

Both of these or intermittent at varying times of the year

Question 8

Stream

Answer 8

Body of water with a current formed from runoff

Question 9

River

Answer 9

Natural flowing watercourse flowing towards the ocean lake or another river

Question 10

Watershed

Answer 10

The area of land drained by a river and all at tributaries

Question 11

Ponds/lakes

Most lakes found in ?most lakes have at least one ?

Answer 11

Northern hemisphere at higher latitudes

Natural outflow (river or stream)

Question 12

Lake

Answer 12

An area of variable size filled with standing water localized in a basin that is surrounded by land

Question 13

Freshwater wetlands
Systems in which the souls is ?
Shallow standing water with ?

Answer 13

Saturated with water

Ample vegetation

Question 14

Verbal pools

Answer 14

Temporary pools of water that provide habitat for distinctive plants and animals

Question 15

Bogs

Answer 15

Ponds covered with thick floating mats of vegetation

Receive all or most of their water from precipitation rather than from runoff groundwater or streams

Question 16

Swamps

Answer 16

Dominated by woody plants occur in forested areas

Question 17

Marshes

Answer 17

Dominated by herbaceous plant species

Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams

Question 18

Freshwater wetlands

Important ecosystem service how?

Half of the wetlands in the US ?

Answer 18

Slow run off reduce flooding recharging aquifers and filtering pollutants

Have been lost ( divert and withdrawn water channelized rivers build dams)

Question 19

Interactions between surface water and ground water

Should be considered

Nearly all surface water environments have ?

Example

Answer 19

Part of the same resource

Linkages with groundwater

Withdrawal of groundwater can lower stream flow or lake levels

Question 20

Oceans are important ?

Majority of rivers empty into ?

Estuaries

Answer 20

Component of earths interconnected aquatic systems

Oceans

Transition zone between river and maritime environments

Question 21

Salt marshes are ?

Answer 21

Coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides ( temperate shorelines)

Question 22

Mangrove forests

Answer 22

Tropics and subtropics

Question 23

Most used resource on earth ?

Mass of water used ?

This is only increasing with greater ?

Answer 23

Water

1000x the total production of minerals

Industrial production and technology

Question 24

World is facing a ?

Answer 24

Global water shortage

Question 25

Water footprint ? Lowest footprint is in ? High per capita footprint is mostly in

Answer 25

The average per capita use of water Central Africa and Asia NA Central South America Northern Africa Some European countries Australia

Question 26

Water foot print of a product

Answer 26

The volume of fresh water used to produce the product summed over the various steps of the production chain Virtual water use

Question 27

Transfer of water : virtual

Answer 27

Amount of water that is embedded in food or other products needed for its production

Question 28

Off stream use Consumptive Non consumptive

Answer 28

Water is not returned to its source - plant or animal water use - industrial use Returned to source after use

Question 29

Is household use consumptive or non consumptive

Answer 29

Non consumptive dominate

Question 30

Agricultural consumptive or non consumptive

Answer 30

Consumptive use dominates Most water added to plants transpired or evaporated away during growth

Question 31

Types of water use Domestic Industrial Agricultural

Answer 31

Non consumptive Both Consumptive

Question 32

Problem with off stream consumptive use Example

Answer 32

How much water can be removed without damaging the ecosystem Seal sea and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan - diverting water for agriculture caused sea to dry up - surface area of sea reduced 90% in 50 years

Question 33

Transport of water: Ancient civilization constructed ? In modern civilization

Answer 33

Canals aqueducts to transport water Water moved from areas of abundant precipitation to areas of high usage

Question 34

Trends in water use Since 1980s use has

Answer 34

Withdrawal of surface water far exceeds withdrawal of groundwater Decreased and leveled off - improvement in water management

Question 35

Trends in freshwater withdrawals by water use categories suggest Major use of water are for ? Water irrigation from 1950-1989 has But had what from 1985-2000 Due to what ? Water use by thermoelectric industry did what in 1980 and then what in 1985 Due to

Answer 35

Irrigation and thermoelectric industry Increased but then decreased and leveled off - better irrigation efficiency crop type and higher energy costs Decreased slightly then stabilized Recirculating water for cooling

Question 36

Water for public and rural supplies counties to .... through 1950-2000 Related to ? Diff states used diff ?

Answer 36

Increase Increase in pop. Diff amounts of water for domestic consumption per capita

Question 37

Common sources of water

Answer 37

Surface Ground Desalination Treated wastewater Conservation of water

Question 38

Surface runoff is ? Water supply depends on several factors in the ? Rates of Flows? Water budget

Answer 38

Movement of water to the oceans Hydrologic cycle Precipitation evaporation transpiration Stream flow Subsurface flow Model that balances inputs outputs and storage of water in a system

Question 39

Groundwater resources Half of the us population uses groundwater as a ? In many parts of the us withdrawal from wells ? This is known as Mining a ? Problems include damage to ?

Answer 39

``` Primary source of drinking water Exceeds natural inflow Overdraft Nonreneweable resource River basins and land subsidence ```

Question 40

What is the largest user of agriculture ? | Improved irrigation could reduce ?

Answer 40

Agriculture | Agricultural withdrawals by 20-30 percent

Question 41

Suggestions for conservation Price ? Use lines or covered ? Use what for maximum efficiency

Answer 41

Agricultural water to encourage conservation Canals to reduce seepage and evaporation Computer monitoring and schedule release of water

Question 42

Public supply and domestic use Accounts for what percent of national water withdrawals Concentrated in May pose major

Answer 42

12 Urban areas Major local problem

Question 43

Industry and manufacturing use | Industrial water conservation

Answer 43

Using cooling towers that use little or no water | In plant water treatment and recycling