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Food and Nutrition unit 1 > water soluble vitamins > Flashcards

water soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what is the chemical name for vitamin b1?

A

thiamin

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2
Q

what are the three functions of thiamin?

A

-oxidation of nutrients
-release of energy
-co enzyme for the break down of glucose

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3
Q

what are four food sources of vitamin b1?

A

-cereal grains
-white and whole wheat flour
-brown rice
-fortified breakfast cereals

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4
Q

if there is a deficiency of vitamin b1 what is the effect on the oxidation of nutrients?

A

-glucose and nutrients are only partially broken down to pyruvic acid

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5
Q

what are symptoms of a build up of pyruvic acid? what disease are these also symptoms of?

A

-muscle weakness
-palpitations
-degeneration of nerves

-beriberi disease

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6
Q

what are the two types of beriberi disease and what are the symptoms of each?

A

wet beriberi= the patient has fluid in the tissue
dry beriberi= the patient has severe emaciation and wastage of the tissues

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7
Q

where is beriberi disease most common and why?

A

Asia where the diet staple is white rice

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8
Q

what is the chemical name for vitamin b2?

A

-riboflavin

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9
Q

what is the function of vitamin b2?

A

-forms part of the enzyme system concerned in the oxidation of glucose and the release of energy in body cells

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10
Q

what are four sources of vitamin b2?

A

-dairy products
-liver
-eggs
-kidney

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11
Q

what are 3 symptoms of a deficiency of vitamin b2?

A

-cracks appear at the corners of the mouth and nose
-tongue becomes red, swollen and dry
-blood vessels may invade the corneas

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12
Q

what are the 2 chemical names given to vitamin b3?

A

-niacin or nicotinic acid

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13
Q

what are four sources of vitamin b3?

A

-meat
-fish
-dairy products
-pulses

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14
Q

what is the name of the disease that occurs from a prolonged deficiency of vitamin b3?

A

pellagra

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15
Q

what are the three symptoms in detail of pellagra? (3 D’s)

A

-diarrhoea= lining of the gastrointestinal tracts becomes inflamed
-dermatitis= scaling and discoloration of parts of the skin exposed to the sun
-dementia= occurs in advanced cases and ranges from anxiety to hallucinations

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16
Q

a diet based on what staple food usually result in pellagra and why?

A

-maize and the niacin is in a complex form and is therefore unavailable to the body

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17
Q

what are four foods that are rich in folate?

A

-liver
-green leafy vegetables
-fortified breakfast cereals
-pulses

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18
Q

what are the 3 functions of folate?

A

-works with vitamin b12 to form healthy blood cells
-normal cell division
-normal structure of the nervous system

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19
Q

when is folate particularly important to take?

A

-conception, women who are planning pregnancy must have an adequate folate intake
-folate intake must also be adequate during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy to help develop the babies spine

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20
Q

is it likely to be deficient in folate?

A

-yes it can be likely

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21
Q

a low intake of folate during pregnancy can result in what?

A

-neural tube defects such as spina bifida

22
Q

a deficiency of folate effects the cells doing what?

A

-dividing

23
Q

what cells are particularly effected by a deficiency of folate? what is the effect of this?

A

-cells that are making red blood cells and those lining the gastrointestinal tract
-the effect on red cell formation results in megaloblastic anemia in which cells are larger and immature and released as macrocytes

24
Q

what are 5 symptoms of a deficiency of folate?

A

-loss of appetite
-nausea
-constipation
-sore mouth
-smooth red tongue

25
Q

how are white blood cells affected when folate intake is inadequate?

A

-they may suffer suppression of the immune system and are therefore more susceptible to illness

26
Q

who are most vulnerable to a deficiency of folate and why? (3 examples)

A

-alcoholics because alcohol limits the absorption of folate
-elderly people are reported to have a low red blood cell count due to a deficiency in folate
-anti inflammatory bowel diseases reduces a persons ability to absorb folate

27
Q

what is the chemical name for vitamin b6?

A

-pyridoxine

28
Q

what are three sources of vitamin b6?

A

-meat
-fortified breakfast cereals
-wholegrains

29
Q

what are the 5 functions of vitamin b6?

A

-involved in many enzyme systems
-protein synthesis
-metabolism of amino acids
-breakdown of glycogen
-formation of hemoglobin

30
Q

folate, vitamin b12 and b6 are necessary for what?

A

-the maintenance of normal blood homocysteine levels

31
Q

why might a deficiency of vitamin b6 occur?

A

-it is rare because it can be synthesized by gut flora
-it may occur by a complication of disease or prolonged use of drugs

32
Q

what are 4 symptoms of a deficiency of vitamin b6?

A

-anemia
-smooth tongue
-dermatitis
-nervous and muscular system signs e.g. irritability, headaches and fatigue

33
Q

what is the chemical name of vitamin b12?

A

-cobalamin

34
Q

what are four food sources of b12?

A

-beef
-fish
-milk
-fortified breakfast cereals

35
Q

who are most likely to have a deficiency in b12? why?

A

-vegetarians and vegans
-b12 is not found in any plant sources
-plant milks are fortified with b12 usually to provide some of the nutrient

36
Q

what are the 2 main functions of vitamin b12?

A

-energy production
-involved in more than one enzyme system and along with folic acid is used for the formation of red blood cells

37
Q

what chemical element does vitamin b12/ cobalamin contain? what does it do?

A

-cobalt which is used to promote the normal function of the nervous system

38
Q

together b12 with folate and b6 is needed for what?

A

-maintenance of normal blood homocysteine levels

39
Q

why is a deficiency in b12 common in older people?

A

-they may have impaired absorption which is usually due to inflammation of stomach lining
-failure of cell division leads to megaloblastic anemia which therefore makes red blood cells enlarge and are now unable to absorb b12

40
Q

what is one major symptom of a deficiency of b12?

A

-neurological damage develops and there is a degeneration of the nerve tracts at the ends of the spinal cord

41
Q

what is another name for vitamin c?

A

ascorbic acid

42
Q

what are 5 food source of vitamin c?

A

-citrus
-berries
-green vegetables
-peppers
-tomatoes

43
Q

what are 6 functions of vitamin c?

A

-antioxidant which protects cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals
-involved with the synthesis of collagen which is required for normal structure and function of connective tissue such as skin, cartilage and bones
-normal structure of blood vessels and neurological function
-increases the absorption of non haem iron in the gut
-promotes normal immune system
-promotoes detoxification of foreign substances in the liver

44
Q

what disease can a serious deficiency of vitamin c lead to and what occurs in the disease?

A

-scurvy
-symptoms of this disease are not known for about 4-6 months
-symptoms of the disease are fatigue, weakness and aching muscles

45
Q

what are the symptoms of scurvy when both vitamin c and collagen synthesis are reduced?

A

-bleeding gums
-bone damage
-poor wound healing

46
Q

name 4 groups that can have low levels of vitamin C

A

-alcoholics
-elderly people
-smokers (more free radicals)
-people with chronic diseases

47
Q

acute high doses of vitamin c are associated with what symptoms ?

A

-diarrhoea and intestinal discomfort

48
Q

how is vitamin c lost when cooking?

A

-very soluble in water and therefore leaches out when cooking
-it also oxidizes at high temperatures and when it is exposed to light

49
Q

what is the name of the enzyme and what does it do in vitamin c sources?

A

-ascorbic acid oxidase
-the enzyme is separate from the vitamin itself
-it is denatured in temps above 60 degrees and is therefore destroyed during cooking

50
Q

what way is it best to eat foods rich in vitamin c?

A

-raw form

Food and Nutrition unit 1 (8 decks)

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