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Physics GCSE > Waves (11) > Flashcards

Waves (11) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of wave

A

Longitudinal

Transverse

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2
Q

A longitudinal wave is where the direction of the wave is ____________ to the direction of particles vibration

A

Parallel

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3
Q

Example of a longitudinal wave

A

Sound wave

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4
Q

A transverse wave is where the direction of the wave is ________________ to the direction of particles vibration

A

Perpendicular

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5
Q

Example of a transverse wave

A

Light waves, microwaves, x rays, radio waves

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6
Q

What is the amplitude

A

The height of a wave from its mean position/undisturbed position

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7
Q

What is the wavelength

A

The distance between successive crests or troughs

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8
Q

What is the frequency

A

The amount of waves passing a point in 1 second

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9
Q

Unit of amplitude

A

Meters

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10
Q

Unit of wavelength

A

Meters

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11
Q

Unit of frequency

A

Hertz

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12
Q

What is the time period

A

The time taken by a wave in crossing a certain point

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13
Q

Equation for wave speed:

A

Wave speed = Frequency x wavelength

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14
Q

1Kilohertz = _________ hertz

A

1000

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15
Q

All waves transfer energy and information without transferring ___________

A

Matter

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16
Q

What is diffraction

A

When a wave bends round edges or through gaps

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17
Q

Diffraction causes waves to ________ round an object

A

Bend

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18
Q

What does the amount of diffraction depend on

A

The size of the gap relative to the wavelength of the wave

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19
Q

The narrower the gap or longer the wavelength, the ________ the wave spreads out

A

More

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20
Q

What are the 7 types of electromagnetic (EM) wave

A

Radio waves

Micro-waves

Infra-red

Visible light

Ultra-violet

X-rays

Gamma rays

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21
Q

The different colours of visible light depend on the wavelength - red has the ____________ wavelength and violet has the ______________ wavelength

A

Longest

Shortest

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22
Q

Time period equation:

A

T = 1/f

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23
Q

Frequency equation:

A

F = 1/T

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24
Q

How long is one wavelength

A

From the middle to 1 peak and 1 trough and back to the start

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25
Q

What is the audible range of sound for a human

A

20-20000Hz

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26
Q

If frequency is greater than 20000Hz then it is known as _________________

A

Ultrasound

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27
Q

A louder sound has a ______________ amplitude

A

Higher

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28
Q

A quieter sound has a _____________ amplitude

A

Lower

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29
Q

A higher pitch has a __________ frequency

A

Higher

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30
Q

A lower pitch has a __________ frequency

A

Lower

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31
Q

What is the speed of sound

A

340m/s

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32
Q

The maximum disturbance caused by a wave is called its _______________

A

Amplitude

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33
Q

What are the 2 laws of reflection

A

1) Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
2) Incident ray, reflected and normal are in the same plane

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34
Q

What is refraction

A

The bending of light as it travels from one optical medium to another

35
Q

How do you find the refractive index

A

Sin i / Sin r

36
Q

How to find the angle of refraction

A

Angle of refraction = angle of index / refractive index Sin r = Sin i / R.I Once you have found Sin r you must do Sin-1 (sin r) E.g if I = 46 and R.I = 1.45 Then do Sin I and then divide that by 1.45 You will get 0.5 which is Sin r But you just want r so you do Sin−1(0.5) And you will find just r on its own which is 30

37
Q

Conditions for Total Internal Reflection

A

Ray of light should travel from more dense material to less dense material.

Angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle

38
Q

What is the critical angle

A

The angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction becomes 90 degrees and light starts to bounce back

39
Q

Refractive index equation in total internal reflection

A

1 / Sin ic (ic = critical angle)

40
Q

What is the critical angle (in degrees)

A

42 degrees

41
Q

At the critical angle, the angle of refraction is _____ degrees

A

90 degrees

42
Q

What does the refractive index tell you

A

How fast light travels in that material

43
Q

Light slows down a lot in glass, so the refractive index is _________

A

High

44
Q

Describe an experiment to find the refractive index of a glass block

A

Draw around a rectangular block on a piece of paper and direct a ray of light through it at an angle. Trace the ray entering and the ray leaving the block before removing the block and drawing in the refracted block. Then, draw in the normal at 90 degrees to the edge of the block at the point where the ray enters the block. Then measure the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. Then calculate the R.I using Snell’s law R.I = Sin i / Sin r. Done.

45
Q

How do you use Snell’s law to find critical angles

A

Sin C (critical angle) = 1 / R.I

46
Q

The higher the R.I the _____________ the critical angle

A

Lower

47
Q

What do optical fibres use

A

Total internal reflection

48
Q

How is sound sent by phones

A

It is turned into electrical energy and back into sound energy

49
Q

What are the 2 types of electromagnetic signals

A

Analogue

Digital

50
Q

____________ signals vary whereas ___________ signals are either on or off

A

Analogue

Digital

51
Q

When you amplify an ______________ signal, the noise is amplified too - so every time it’s amplified, the signal loses quality. However with a ___________ signal, the noise is just ignored, so the signal remains high quality

A

Analogue

Digital

52
Q

If analogue waves are of a similar frequency, it can cause ________________

A

Interference

53
Q

Name a machine that can display sound waves

A

An oscilloscope

54
Q

What do we mean by a ‘normal’ line

A

The line perpendicular or at 90° to the mirror

55
Q

When is light refracted away from the normal line?

A

As it is leaving the glass into the air

56
Q

Why is a wave refracted?

A

The speed of the wave changes

57
Q

What do we get at low angles of incidence (i)

A

Refraction

58
Q

At the critical angle light does what?

A

Travels across the edge

59
Q

What happens if angle i is above the critical angle

A

Total Internal Reflection

60
Q

The critical angle is the angle at which ________ starts

A

Total internal reflection

61
Q

As light is entering a glass block. It comes in at the ____ angle as it comes out

A

Same

62
Q

Give 2 examples of what are optical fibres used for

A

Telecommunications

Endoscopes in medicine

63
Q

State a benefit of optical fibres

A

Very fast signals

64
Q

What is the difference between convex and concave

A

Concave, ) (

Convex ( )

Concave bends the light further apart

65
Q

White light consists of ___ colours

A

All colours

66
Q

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Radiowaves

Microwaves

Infrared

Visible light

Ultraviolet rays

X-rays

Gamma rays

67
Q

Does frequency increase as you go up or down the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Frequency increases as you go down the spectrum so gamma has the highest frequency

68
Q

Does wavelength increase as you go up or down the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Wavelength increases as you go up the spectrum so radiowaves have the highest wavelength

69
Q

Does energy increase as you go up or down the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Energy increases as you go down the spectrum so gamma has the highest energy

70
Q

Give one use of radiowaves

A

Communication

71
Q

Give one use of microwaves

A

Cooking

Communication

72
Q

Give one use of infrared

A

Remote controls

Security systems

Night vision

73
Q

Give one use of visible light

A

Vision

Photography

74
Q

Give one use of ultraviolet rays

A

Sun beds

75
Q

Give one use of x-rays

A

X-rays (observing the internal structure of objects)

76
Q

Give one use of Gamma rays

A

Sterilisation of food and equipment treating cancer

77
Q

Dangers of radiowaves (due to over exposure)

A

Nothing

78
Q

Dangers of microwaves (due to over exposure)

A

Internal heating of body tissue

79
Q

Dangers of infrared (due to over exposure)

A

Skin burns

80
Q

Dangers of visible light (due to over exposure)

A

Damage eyes

81
Q

Dangers of ultraviolet (due to over exposure)

A

Damage to skin + eyes including cancer

82
Q

Dangers of x rays (due to over exposure)

A

Damage to cells leading to burns and cancer

83
Q

Dangers of gamma rays (due to over exposure)

A

Damage to cells leading to burns and cancer

Physics GCSE (22 decks)

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