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Flight School > Weather > Flashcards

Weather Flashcards

1
Q

Where to get FAA weather briefing

A

Flight Service Program through Flight Service Stations-
1-800-wxbrief

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2
Q

2 main sources of weather data

A

Federal Government (FAA & National Weather Service)

Or Commercial Weather Information

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3
Q

Standard Briefing

A

Have not received a previous briefing

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4
Q

Abbreviated Briefing

A

When you need info to supplement mass disseminated date or update previous briefing

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5
Q

Outlook briefing

A

Departure 6+ hours from time of briefing

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6
Q

Inflight Briefing

A

Update preflight briefing

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7
Q

Weather Briefing Includes:

A

Adverse conditions
VFR flight not recommended
Synopsis
Current conditions
En route forecast
Destination forecast
Winds aloft
NOTAMS
ATC Delays
Addt’l info

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8
Q

FIS-B

A

Flight Information Service- Broadcast
Ground based broadcast surveillance provided through ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast)

Not good for tactical avoidance of weather (less than 3 mins), more for strategic planning 20+ mins out

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9
Q

En route Updated Weather

A

FSS 122.2 MHz
ATIS/ASOS/AWOS
Listen to Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)
FIS-B Datalink Weather
ATC workload permitting

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10
Q

METAR

A

Aviation Routine Weather Report
hourly reported surface observation of conditions observed at airport

or

SPECI special report to update rapidly changing weather conditions or a/c mishaps or other critical info

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11
Q

Elements of METAR

A

Type of Report
ICAO station identifier
Date & Time
Modifier
Wind (3 digit direction 2 digit speed)
Vis in statute miles
Runway Visual Range
Weather phenomena
Sky condition
Temp/Dew point
Altimeter
Remarks

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12
Q

ASOS/AWOS

A

Automated Weather Observing System
Automated Surface Observing System
computer generated
transmitter to broadcast local
minute by minute weather data

AWOS 1- wind, temp, dew, altimeter, density
AWOS 2- Plus Vis
AWOS 3- plus sky condition, ceiling, precip accumulation

ASOS receivable 25NM below 10,000 feet AGL

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13
Q

PIREPs

A

Pilot Reports
conditions as they actually exist

UA Routine
UUA Urgent

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14
Q

TAFs

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs)
concise statement of expected meteorological conditions within 5 SM of center of airports runway complex

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15
Q

Aviation Area Forecast FA

A

Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Alaska

specified enroute weather phenomena

18-24 hour period

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16
Q

GFA

A

Graphical Forecasts for Aviation
web-based graphics of observations, forecasts, and warnings 14-18 hours out
Surface-18K
Aviationweather.gov/gfa

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17
Q

GFA Forecast

A

TAF
CIG/VIS
Clouds
PCPN/WX (precip, weather)
TS
Winds
Turb
Ice

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18
Q

GFA Obs/Warn

A

METAR
PCPN/WX
CIG/VIS
PIREP
RAD/SAT

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19
Q

Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories

A

SIGMET WS
Convective SIGMET WST
AIRMET WA
CENTER WEATHER ADVISORY CWA

All reference MSL except ceilings AGL

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20
Q

Convective SIGMET WST

A

severe or greater turbulence, icing, and low level wind shear

valid 2 hours

E C or W USA

thunderstorms and surface winds += 50 kts, hail += 3/4 inch diamenter
tornadoes

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21
Q

SIGMET WS

A

potentially hazardous to all aircraft, valid 4 hours

severe icing not associated with thunderstorms, severe turbulence, dust storms, volcanic ash

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22
Q

G-Airmet

A

graphical advisory of weather that may be hazardous to aircraft but less severe than SIGMET

3 hours apart up to 12 hours

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23
Q

AIRMET WA

A

textual advisory of significant weather lower than SIGMET

Every 6 hours from 0245

use in prefligh and en route for safety

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24
Q

3 AIRMETS

A

SIERRA IFR/Mount Obsc
TANGO Mod Turbulence
ZULU Icing

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25
Q

Winds and Temp Aloft FB

A

4 digit wind direction (ref true north) and speed in knots + 2 digit tempo in celcius

Can use to find favorable altitude, areas of poss icing, temp invesions, turbulence

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26
Q

Center Weather Advisories

A

used to anticipate and avoid adverse weather

valid max 2 hours

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27
Q

Convective Outlook

A

potential for severe and non severe convection during following 8 days

Shows risk MRGL SLGT ENH MDT HIGH

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28
Q

Surface Analysis Chart

A

analyzed chart of surface weather observations

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29
Q

LIFR
IFR
MVFR
VFR

A

LIFR ceiling less than 500 vis less 1 mi
IFR 500-less than 1000 vis 1-less than 3
MVFR 1000-3000 and/or vis 3-5 miles inclusive
VFR 3K+ vis 5+

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30
Q

Short-Range Prognostic Charts

A

forecast of surface pressure systems, fronts, and precipitation for 2 1/2 day period

12, 18, 24, 48, 60 hours

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31
Q

Low Level Significant Weather Prog Charts

A

forecast of aviation weather hazards primarily for guidance in preflight briefings

FL 24000 and below

4 times per day 12 or 24 hour prog

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32
Q

Mid Level Significant Weather SIGWX

A

10K-45000
24 hours 4 times daily

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33
Q

Convective Outlook Chart

A

potential severe and nonsevere convection during following 8 days

1-3 days and probablistic thresholds for days 4-8

34
Q

Constant Pressure Analysis Charts

A

Any surface of equal pressure in atmosphere is constant pressure surface

From chart pilot can approx air temp, wind, temp dew point spread along route. depicts highs, lows, troughs, ridges aloft

twice daily 00z and 12z

850mb 5K ft
700mb 10K ft
500mb 18K ft
300mb 30K ft
200mb 39k ft

35
Q

Freezing level graphics chart

A

assess lowest freezing level heights

colors in height of hundreds of ft

initial and 3 hour forecasts updated hourly

6 9 12 updated every 3 hours

36
Q

Earths Atmosphere

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, and Carbon Dioxide make up 99.998% of all gases

37
Q

Most of earths weather in

A

Trophosphere
Surfact to 36K ft

38
Q

Standard air temp and pressure lapse

A

Standard lapse temp decreases 3.5f 2c per 1K ft

Standard pressure lapse decreases 1 inHg per 1K ft altitude gain to 10K

39
Q

Stable vs Unstable Atmosphere

A

Stable= vertical movement difficult
Unstable= small vertical air movements larger, turbulent airflow, convective activity

40
Q

Determining stability of atmosphere

A

Unstable- Temp decreases uniformly and rapidly (3C per 1K)

Stable- temp unchanged or decreases slightly

air near surface warm & moist suspect instability

41
Q

Stable Clouds, Turb, Precip, Vis

A

Stratiform, Smooth, Steady, Fair to poor

42
Q

unstable Clouds, Turb, Precip, Vis

A

Cumuliform, Rough, Showery, Good

43
Q

Wind causes and forces

A

diff in air density caused by changes in temp = change in pressure = motion in atmosphere

Pressure Gradient Force
Coriolis Force
Friction

44
Q

Isobars

A

connects areas of equal or constant barometric pressure

45
Q

Pressure Gradient Force PGF

A

PGF makes wind blow in an attempt to equalize pressure differences

46
Q

Isobars close together on surface weather chart

A

close- steep pressure gradient, high wind

not close- shallow, winds slower

47
Q

Coriolis Force

A

Deflects winds to right in Northern Hemisphere, left southern

at a right angle to wind direction and proportional to wind speed

48
Q

Wind sheer

A

sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over small area, measured vertical or horizontal at any altitude

Can determine from Terminal Forecasts, METARs, SIGMETS, LLWAS, PIREPs

49
Q

Lenticular Clouds

A

Mountain Waves, stable air flow passes over mountain or ridge

50
Q

Moisture dependent on

A

Temp, every 20F doubles amount of moisture air can hold

51
Q

Relative Humidity & Dew Point

A

Rel Humidity- ratio of water vapor actually in air parcel compared to amount parcel could hold at particular temp and pressure

Dew point- temp an air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water pressure to allow water vapor in parcel to condense into water (dew)

52
Q

3 ingredients for precip

A

water vapor, sufficient lift, growth

53
Q

Flow of Air
Low pressure & High pressure

A

Low: inward, upward, counterclock

High: outword, downward, clockwise

54
Q

low pressure characterizations

A

rising air, cloudiness, precipitation, bad weather

high pressure- descending air (dissipation of clouds, good weather)

55
Q

Fronts

A

Cold- cold, dense, stable air replaces warm

Occluded- fast-moving cold catches up with slow-moving warm

Warm- warm air contacts and flows over cold

Stationary- two air masses relatively equal

56
Q

Cold Front Weather

A

towering cumulus, cumulonimbus, heavy rain, tornadoes, poor vis, winds variable and gusting

57
Q

Warm Front Weather

A

Stratiform clouds, drizzle, low ceilings, poor vis, variable winds, rise in temp

58
Q

Trough

A

elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure

a low or trough is an area of rising air

conducive to cloudiness and precip
low pressure- bad weather

59
Q

ridge

A

elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure

descending air favors dissipation of clouds
high pressure- good weather

60
Q

Cloud

A

minute water droplets and/or ice particles, clouds form as a result of condensation of water vapor in rising currents of air or by evaporation of lowest layer of fog

61
Q

what determines type and vertical extent of clouds

A

stability of atmosphere

62
Q

four basic cloud forms

A

Cirriform- high level, 20K+, ice crystals, thin & white

Nimbo-form- 7K-15K steady precip

Cumuliform- more humid the lower the cloud base & can reach over 60K

Stratiform- featureless lower layer, blanket entire sky, few hundred feet above ground

63
Q

Cause of Turbulence

A

Convective Currents
Obstructions in wind flow
Wind Sheer

64
Q

Clear Air Turbulence CAT

A

Sudden severe turbulence in cloudless region normally between core of a jet stream and surrounding air 15K+

65
Q

Life cycle of thunderstorm

A

Cumulus- strong updraft
Mature- precip begins to fall
Dissipating- downdrafts, dissipating stage and storm dies rapidly

66
Q

Thunderstorm types

A

Single Cell- One cell, easily circumnavigated unless night or within other clouds (rare)

Multi Cell- cluster of cells at different stages, several hours or more

Supercell- single, quasirotating updraft that persists for extended period of time

67
Q

Microbursts

A

small-scall, intense downdrafts. on surface spread outward in all directions, extremely hazardous to all aircrafts

can be found anywhere with convective activity

68
Q

Types of icing

A

Structural, Induction System, Instrument Icing

69
Q

Structural Icing

A

Clear Icing- glaze ice, usually warmer temps, larger droplets less frozen parts

Rime Icing- rough, milky, frequent, colder temps, small droplets

Mixed Icing- clear & rime

70
Q

Freezing level

A

lowest altitude in atmosphere at which the air temp reaches 0 celcius

71
Q

What to do if icing

A

immediately leave area of precipitation and go to an altitude where temp is above freezing, immediately land at nearest suitable airport if no deicing equipment

72
Q

Temperature Inversion

A

increase in temp with height. permits warm rain to fall through cold air below. ground based inversion favors poor vis and traps fog, smoke, stable air with little or no turbulence

73
Q

Fog

A

forms when the temp and dewpoint of air become identical or nearly so

74
Q

Radiation Fog

A

clear skies, little no wind, small temp-dew point. Exclusively at night or near daybreak

75
Q

Advection Fog

A

moist air moves over colder ground or water, most common in coastal areas, with winds or cloudy skies any time of day or night

76
Q

Upslope Fog

A

Moist, stable air being cooled adiabatically as it moves up sloping terrain

77
Q

Frontal Fog (Precipitation-induced)

A

Warm, moist air lifted over a front, clouds, and precip may form.

if cold air below or near dew point evap may saturate cold air and form fog

78
Q

Steam Fog

A

when very cold air moves across relatively warm water enough moisture may evaporate from water surface to produce saturation

79
Q

Freezing fog

A

Occurs when temp is below 0 C 32 F, tiny supercooled liquid water droplets can freeze instantly on exposed surfaces

80
Q

Frost

A

ice crystal deposits formed by sublimation when temp and dewpoint are below freezing

does not change basic aerodynamic shape of wing BUT the roughness of its surface spoils smooth flow of air which slows air flow. could prevent aircraft from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed. moderate gusts and turning could produce incipient or complete stall.

81
Q

HIWAS

A

High Inflight Weather Advisory System
VOR with H on chart can broadcast hazardous weather en route

Flight School (15 decks)

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