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IFR ACS Tasks > Weather Information > Flashcards

Weather Information Flashcards

1
Q

IR.I.B.K1

Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.

A

Close to departure time:

Aviationweather.gov, 1800wxbrief, ADSB-IN,

General weather outlook:

Weather channel, internet weather websites, outlook briefing

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2
Q

What is the primary reason for changes in weather?

A

Uneven heating of the earth

  • Variations in solar energy hitting the earth
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3
Q

What is an air mass?

A
  • Bodies of air covering an extensive area
  • Fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture
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4
Q

What does “lapse rate” mean?

A
  • rate in the change of temperature as altitude increases
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5
Q

What is the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A
  • the rate of temperature change for dry air
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6
Q

What does Adiabatic mean?

A
  • No heat added or taken away from outside the parcel
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7
Q

What is the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate?

A
  • 3 degrees per 1,000ft
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8
Q

What is the standard lapse rate?

A
  • 2 degrees per 1,000ft
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9
Q

What does the Ambient Lapse Rate mean?

A
  • Actual change in temperature as altitude increases
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10
Q

How can the stability of air be determined?

A
  • By the ambient lapse rate
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11
Q

What layer of the atmosphere is most GA flying done?

A
  • The Troposphere
  • This is where most weather is located
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12
Q

What is the Tropopause?

A
  • Its the boundary between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere
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13
Q

What is the Tropopause defined by?

A
  • An abrupt change in temperature lapse rate
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14
Q

How high does the Troposphere reach up to?

A
  • 37,000 feet in mid latitudes
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15
Q

What do the Jet Streams consist of?

A
  • Winds of 50kts or greater
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16
Q

What do the Jet Streams do in the winter?

A
  • They move south
  • Become stronger
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17
Q

What do the Jet Streams do in the summer?

A
  • The move north
  • Become weaker
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18
Q

What are key signs of a stable air mass

A
  • Stratus type clouds
  • Poor visibility
  • Steady precipitation
  • Little to no vertical development of clouds
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19
Q

When do ground based temperature inversions happen?

A

On calm clear nights. The cloud can be the barrier that creates the inversion.

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20
Q

If there is low level temperature inversion mixed with high relative humidity what can happen?

A
  • Smooth air and poor visibility
  • Fog
  • Haze
  • Low clouds
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21
Q

What is Orographic Lifting?

A
  • This is when an airmass is pushed up over higher terrain
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of unstable air?

A
  • Lots of turbulence
  • Good surface visibility
  • Towering cumuliform clouds
  • Isolated, showery rain
  • Possibility of clear icing
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23
Q

What kind of weather conditions create unstable air?

A
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24
Q

What kind of conditions are associated with unstable air

A
  • Cumuliform clouds
  • Turbulence
  • Good visibility
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25
Q

What kind of conditions exist with fair weather cumulus clouds?

A
  • Turbulence at and below the cloud level
  • Can still indicate convective activity
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26
Q

Key signs of unstable air?

A
  • good visibility
  • showery precipitation
  • cumuliform type clouds
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27
Q

What is the Coriolis Effect?

A

it is a force that acts at at right angle to the wind and deflects it to the right until parallel with the isobars

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28
Q

What is surface friction?

A

Surface friction is usually felt at and below 2000ft AGL and this is what causes winds on the ground

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29
Q

What is always associated with the passage of a front?

A
  • Wind change
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30
Q

In the norther hemisphere what direction does the wind move around a Low Pressure?

A
  • Counter clockwise
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31
Q

In the norther hemisphere what direction does the wind move around a High Pressure?

A
  • Clockwise
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32
Q

How are frontal waves created?

A
  • They form along a slow moving cold or stationary front
  • Produces steady precipitation
  • Stratiform clouds
  • Little to no turbulence
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33
Q

What is radiation fog?

A
  • Warm moist air
  • Low flatland
  • Clear calm night
  • Small temperature/dewpoint spread
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34
Q

What is advection fog?

A
  • Happens in coastal areas
  • Moist air moves over cooler ground/ water
35
Q

What is upslope fog?

A
  • Near mountains and large hills
  • Stable air
  • Requires wind
36
Q

What causes fog in industrial areas?

A
  • Condensation nuclei from combustion products
37
Q

What is the most hazardous aspect of Icing?

A
  • Aerodynamic degradation including loss of lift
38
Q

How much can ice as thick as medium or coarse sandpaper reduce performance?

A
  • Reduced lift up to 30%
  • Increases drag up to 40%
39
Q

What can small patches of ice or frost on the wings do?

A
  • Possible control difficulties on takeoff
40
Q

What are two wats that planes deal with icing?

A
  • Anti-icing
    • prevents ice accumulation
  • De-icing system
    • removes accumulated ice
41
Q

How should de-icing boots be used?

A
  • Inflate the boots early and often
42
Q

What is residual ice?

A
  • Ice that is left over after boots have been used
  • Increases with a decrease in airspeed or temperature
43
Q

What are the icing values used for reporting icing?

A
  • Trace
  • Light
  • Moderate
  • Severe
44
Q

What should you do if you fly into icing conditions in Stratiform clouds?

A
  • Change altitude
    • warmer than freezing
    • Temperature colder than -10c
45
Q

When would you expect clear ice?

A
  • Temperatures close to freezing
  • Large volume of liquid water precipitation
  • High speed
46
Q

When flying through super cooled water droplets what should you look for?

A
  • First sign of ice accumulation
    • Probes
    • Antennas
47
Q

What part of the plane collects ice the quickest?

A
  • Leading edge of tailplane
    • Collects ice sooner and faster because its thin and narrower than other parts
48
Q

While using auto pilot while in icing and at cruise what should you do?

A
  • Periodically disengage the autopilot and hand fly that aircraft
49
Q

Where would ice start to form on climb out after takeoff?

A
  • The underside of the wing
50
Q

What should you do your best to avoid while in icing conditions?

A
  • Autopilot
    = Vertical speed hold
51
Q

When does frost form?

A
  • Surface temperature below dewpoint
  • Dewpoint below freezing
52
Q

Why is frost dangerous to have on a wing?

A
  • It causes early air flow separation on a wing and decreases lift
  • Increases stall speed
53
Q

What is freezing rain?

A
  • Water that instantly goes from liquid to solid on contact with the aircraft
54
Q

What does freezing rain indicate as far as temperatures above?

A
  • It means that the air above you is warmer than the air you are currently flying in.
  • You can get out of it by climbing to the warmer air
55
Q

What causes the highest accumulation of structural ice accumulation?

A

Freezing rain

56
Q

What do ice pellets indicate?

A

Freeing rain at higher altitudes

57
Q

What does wet snow indiacate?

A
  • Temperature is above freezing at current altitude
58
Q

What do you need in order for a thunderstorm to form?

A
  • Sufficient moisture
  • Unstable lapse rate
  • Lifting action
59
Q

What is convection?

A
  • This is when sunshine heats the ground and hot air rises up
  • Creates airmass thunderstorms
  • Cold fronts can also create the lifting action
  • Orographic lifting can create one as well
60
Q

What are the stages of a thunder storm?

A
  • Cumulus Stage
    • updrafts creating the towering clouds
  • Mature stage
    • Rain begins at surface
  • Dissipating stage
    • updrafts stop
    • downdrafts are most prevalent
61
Q

Thunderstorms are not reported as such until what happens?

A
  • Thunder is reported or lightning is seen
  • reported at Cumulonimbus until this happens
62
Q

What is the most dangerous cloud to fly through?

A
  • Cumulonimbus clouds
    • greatest turbulence associated with these clouds
    • AVOID THESE

If you fly into severe turbulence
- Set power to recommended airspeed
- Maintain level flight attitude
- Don’t jerk the plane around, let it fly and make soft corrections

63
Q

What is an embedded thunderstorm?

A
  • Thunderstorms embedded within massive cloud layers
  • Cant see the thunderstorm you could be flying into
64
Q

What are squall lines

A
  • Develop ahead of a cold front
    -Worst kind of storm to fly into or near
  • Heavy hail
  • Destructive winds
65
Q

What are things to do to avoid thunderstorms?

A
  • DON’T takeoff or land towards a thunderstorm
    • Gust front can mess you up
  • DON’T attempt to fly through or under a thunderstorm
  • DON’T fly under the Anvil of the thunderstorm
  • DON’T fly near embedded thunderstorms without weather radar
  • DON’T assume ATC will provide this service
  • DO stick it out on the ground
  • DO avoid thunderstorms by at least 20 miles
  • DO ask ATC for radar guidance
66
Q

What is wind shear?

A
  • An abrupt change in
    • strength
    • direction
  • Shift in direction or speed gradient at any level
67
Q

Where can wind shear be found?

A
  • Frontal zone
  • Temperature inversion
  • Jet stream
  • Convective activity
68
Q

What are the stages of a microburst?

A
  • Formation
  • Impact
  • Dissipation
69
Q

How strong can a Microburst downdraft velocity get?

A
  • 6,000ft per minute
70
Q

What are the 2 types of microbursts?

A
  • Wet
  • Dry
71
Q

How long do microbursts tend to last?

A
  • rarely last longer than 15 minutes
72
Q

Available resources to avoid microbursts?

A
  • PIREPS
  • LLWAS
  • ATC
73
Q

What happens upon entering a microburst?

A
  • Increase in performance
  • No change in pitch or power
74
Q

What happens when you are passing through a microburst?

A
  • Severe downdrafts
  • Increasing tailwind
75
Q

What is the definition of a ceiling?

A
  • Lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomenon that is either broken or overcastb
76
Q

what does R31/2700FT on a METAR mean?

A

Runway visibility is 2700ft

77
Q

what does +SN mean on a METAR?

A

Heavy snow

78
Q

What does RAB35 on a METAR mean?

A

Rain began 36 minutes after the top of the hour

79
Q

What does VV008 on a METAR mean?

A

Vertical Visibility is 800 feet

Used when there is an indefinite ceiling

80
Q

What does RAE on a METAR mean?

A

Rain ended

81
Q

What does SNB on a METAR mean?

A

Snow began

82
Q

What are Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)?

A
  • Issued 4 times daily
  • Usually valid for 24hrs
  • TAF’s at bigger airports can last up to 30hrs
  • All TAFS include date and times that they are valid for
83
Q

How are TAF’s reported?

A
  • Wind
  • Visibility
  • Significant weather
  • Cloud cover

you are not given temperatures or altimeter settings

  • Cumulonimbus clouds are the only clouds that are forecasted in a TAF

IFR ACS Tasks (16 decks)

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