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Question 1

Which of the following statements about habituation is true?

a. Habituation occurs in all animal species.
b. Habituation is a simple form of associative learning.
c. Habituation occurs only with extensive instrumental practice.
d. All of the above

Answer 1

A

Habituation is becoming used to something to point you dont even realise it

Question 1

Darwin’s theory of evolution assumes that … changes through evolution

Answer 1

both physiology and mental capacities in animals and humans

Question 2

Escape is said to occur when a subject

Answer 2

experiences an aversive event and then engages in a behaviour that removes that event

Question 3

Avoidance is said to occur when a subject

Answer 3

responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring

Question 4

Sam’s athletic club gives current members a credit for one month’s membership fees for every two new members they refer to the club. To date, Sam has earned three months of credit on his athletic club fees. The club then decides to discontinue this membership credit program, and Sam’s referrals quickly decline to zero. This change in Sam’s behavior is most likely due to…

Answer 4

extinction

Question 5

In general, classical and instrumental learning occur most readily when
a. the time between R-S* or S-S* is short.
b. the time between R-S* or S-S* is long.
c. the size or intensity of the S* is large.
d. the size or intensity of the S* is small.
e. Both a and c

Answer 5

Both a and c

Question 6

A negative contingency is a situation in which

Answer 6

a CS but not a US will occur

Question 7

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of

Answer 7

the surprisingness of the US

Question 8

The term “asymptote” is used to refer to the

Answer 8

upper limit of the learning curve

Question 9

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the _______, then no conditioning of associative strength will occur

a. salience of the CS is zero
b. salience of the US is zero
c. US is not biologically significant
d. a or b

Answer 9

a or b

Question 10

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model’s assumptions about CS salience (a), if two neutral stimuli (light with an a =. 8 and tone with an a =. 4) are put in compound and paired with a shock

Answer 10

on each conditioning trial the light will acquire more associative strength than the tone

Question 11

In a third-grade classroom, Carla became an aversive excitatory stimulus to Kelly because she often embarrassed her in front of other pupils. In the fourth grade, Kelly and Carla are again in the same class, but the new teacher will not tolerate abusive behavior. After six weeks, Kelly is no longer made anxious by Carla’s presence. When Kelly later joins a soccer team, and finds that Carla belongs to the same team. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, Kelly is likely to _______ about Carla’s presence on the team.

a. feel a little anxious
b. feel a little excited
c. be unconcerned
d. be surprised

Answer 11

a. a little anxious

Question 12

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of the _______, whereas the Mackintosh model emphasizes the importance of the _______.

Answer 12

US; CS

Question 13

The confusion of a young child who can recognize many common birds (e.g., robins, cardinals, blue jays, gold finches, etc.) as birds, but is stumped when presented with a picture of an exotic-looking peacock, illustrates the _______ theoretical approach to concept learning

Answer 13

EXEMPLAR

Question 14

Which of the following findings about time cognition is false?

a. Biological clocks operate according to a repeating cycle, even when environmental cues are constant or unchanging.
b. Changing environmental cues can reset or change the cycling of biological clocks.
c. Cognition of time is regulated by biological clocks in animals and by external environmental cues in humans.
d. Biological clocks are readily entrained by external cues and can be
adjusted in a relatively short period of time.

Answer 14

c. Cognition of time is regulated by biological clocks in animals and by external environmental cues in humans

Question 15

What aspect of the honeybee dance means that it could be considered to be a language?

Answer 15

It refers to something that is displaced in space

Question 16

What mechanism could explain how animals learn words?

Answer 16

Operant conditioning

Question 17

It is important to ensure that reasoning tasks can’t be solved ______

Answer 17

perceptually

Question 18

Analogical reasoning relies on past experiences
True or false?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

When looking at reasoning tasks, it is important to know about

Answer 19

Training history of the animal

Question 20

What sort of animals show abilities in transitive inferences?

Answer 20

social animals

Question 21

Humans yawning is an example of what?

Answer 21

Social facilitation

Question 22

True imitation involves copying all actions, including unnecessary ones
True or False?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

As seen in Thornton and McAuliffe (2006), what evidence shows that there is a cost to a teacher

Answer 23

Sacrifice of food
Takes time

Question 24

Subjects who learn a concept by distinguishing characteristics that are associated with reinforcement from those that are not, are illustrations of the _______ theory

Answer 24

feature

Question 25

From which cognitive theory is Barch & Ceaser’s (2012) model of impaired proactive control in individuals with schizophrenia derived?

Answer 25

Dual Mechanisms of control

Question 26

Describe a few differences between positive, negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia taking different aspects into account (TIMING and MED)

Answer 26

Timing
Positive symptoms dominant in early phases
Negative and cogn. symptoms usually persist in later phases

Medication
Pos. symptoms can be treated more effectively with antipsychotics

Question 27

In relation to decision making name two different evidence accumulation models

Answer 27

Homogenous model
Heterogenous model

Question 28

What is the most likely neuroanatomical origin of the urgency signal?

Answer 28

basal ganglia

Question 29

fMRI overview

Answer 29

worse temporal resolution than EEG, ERP, MEG
High spatial resolution

Question 30

EEG overview

Answer 30

Low spatial resolution
High temporal resolution

Question 31

Describe, in a couple of sentences, the process of excitotoxicity

Answer 31

Excitotoxicity occurs as a consequence of excessive amount of glutamate being released.

Decrease in blood flow results in disruption of ion homeostasis leading to excess glutamate release.

Excess levels of glutamate are toxic – though activating NMDA receptors and further mechanisms of cell death

Question 32

Explain in a few sentences why acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, e.g. Aricept, may be prescribed to a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a depletion of acetylcholine (in terms of neurotransmitter levels)

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors – inhibit action of cholinesterase enzymes (which normally break down acetylcholine)

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors – boost activity of acetylcholine (prolonging its action at synapses)

Acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory – functions that are impaired in Alzheimer’s.

Question 33

Which element of the Rescorla and Wagner (1972) represents the strength of the association when learning is complete

Answer 33

λ (lambda

Question 34

Which phenomenon cannot be accommodated by the Rescorla and Wagner model?

Blocking.
Overshadowing.
One-trial overshadowing.
Pavlovian inhibition.

Answer 34

One-trial overshadowing

Question 35

Which phenomenon cannot be accommodated by the Rescorla and Wagner model?

Blocking.
Overshadowing.
Downshift unblocking.
Pavlovian inhibition.

Answer 35

Downshift unblocking

Question 36

According to Wagner’s SOP model, on the second trial in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment, when is the association between the representations of the CS and the UCS first updated?

Answer 36

During the onset of CS

Question 37

What does the term ‘priming’ mean in Wagner’s SOP model?

Answer 37

The transition of stimulus elements into their A2 states.

Question 38

According to Wagner’s SOP model what will be the result of the CS’s and UCS’s representational elements being simultaneously in their A2 states?

Answer 38

No change in either excitatory or inhibitory associative strength from the CS to the UCS.

Question 39

According to Wagner’s SOP model what will be the result of the CS’s representational elements being in their A1 states while the UCS’s representational elements are in their A2 states?

Answer 39

An increase in inhibitory associative strength from the CS to the UCS.

Question 40

Describe the general action of Benzodiazepines, their usefulness in treating anxiety disorders and the disadvantages (3 marks)

Answer 40

Action - Benzodiazepines bind to a specific site in the GABA-A receptor and increase GABA activity (which is inhibitory).

Usefulness - The anxiolytic effects of BDZs in particular brain regions (limbic cortex and prefrontal cortex) are effective for the treatment of anxiety, unlike the effects of other drugs that also bind to the receptor but produce undesired effects such as hypnosis.

Disadvantages - BDZs are safe to use for short periods, but people who take them for long periods can develop tolerance and dependence (associated with withdrawal syndrome when use is stopped).