Week 0

Question 1

What is Saltatory Conduction?

Answer 1

Rapid method via which electrical impulses travel down myelinated axon with excitation only occurring at nodes of Ranvier

Question 2

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 2

Autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junction where antibodies block / destroy post-synaptic ACH receptors

Question 3

What is the main sign of Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 3

Drooping of one or both eyelids due to oculomotor weakness

Question 4

Give 4 examples when NCS are used in focal neuropathies

Answer 4

Traumatic nerve injury
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Ulnar neuropathy
Radiculopathy

Question 5

Give 4 examples when NCS are used in polyneuropathies

Answer 5

Diabetes mellitus
Motor neuron disease
Demyelinating polyneuropathies
Disorders of neuromuscular junction

Question 6

What is Charcot-Marie Tooth disease?

Answer 6

A hereditary demyelinating polyneuropathy causing sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy

Question 7

What are the signs of Charcot-Marie Tooth disease?

Answer 7

Difficulty walking, foot drop, high arched feet and hammer toe

Question 8

What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Answer 8

An autoimmune, rapidly progressive demyelinating polyneuropathy

Question 9

How does Guillain-Barre syndrome present?

Answer 9

As progressive peripheral neuropathy. May lead to respiratory muscular paralysis

Question 10

What is Dysarthria?

Answer 10

Inability to speak due to weakness of muscles needed for speech

Question 11

What is Dysphasia / Aphasia?

Answer 11

A partial / complete higher order inability to speak

Question 12

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 12

A memory disorder due to vitamin B1 deficiency, associated with alcoholism

Question 12

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

Answer 12

An inner ear problem that causes acute vertigo when the head is moved in certain positions

Question 12

What is Chorea?

Answer 12

Sudden unintentional jerking of arms, legs and facial muscles

Question 13

What is Athetosis?

Answer 13

Slow, writhing movements of fingers, limbs or trunk

Question 14

Brain stem is made up of which 3 structures?

Answer 14

Mid brain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

Question 15

Telencephalon is made up of which 3 structures?

Answer 15

Cortex, Brain stem, Cerebellum

Question 16

What are the 6 lobes of the brain?

Answer 16

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula, Limbic

Question 17

What are the main functions of the Frontal lobe?

Answer 17

Voluntary Movement (primary motor cortex + premotor cortex)
Language production (Broca’s area)
Personality (prefrontal cortex)

Question 18

What are the main functions of the Parietal lobe?

Answer 18

Integration of somatosensory info (primary + secondary somatosensory cortices)
Language (Wernicke’s area)
Movement (Primary somatosensory cortex)

Question 19

What are the main functions of the Temporal lobe?

Answer 19

Auditory processing (primary + secondary auditory cortices) Comprehension of speech (Wernicke’s area)
Olfaction (olfactory cortex)
Emotions; mainly fear (amygdala)
Conscious memory + learning (hippocampus)

Question 20

What are the 2 main functions of the Occipital lobe?

Answer 20

Visual perception and processing (primary and secondary visual cortices)
Memory

Question 21

What are the main functions of the Insula?

Answer 21

Olfaction
Taste
Discriminative touch

Question 22

What are the 2 main functions of the limbic Lobe?

Answer 22

Behavioural and emotional responses
Learning + memory
(5F’s)

Question 23

The lateral and medial Geniculate bodies are both a part of what structure?

Answer 23

Metathalamus (Lat - vision) (Med - hearing)

Question 24

Hypophysial (Pituitary) Gland is made up of what two structures?

Answer 24

Neurohypophysis Post and Adenohypophysis Ant (From roof of mouth and floor of diencephalon respectively)

Question 25

Neurohypophysis secretes which two hormones?

Answer 25

Oxytocin from paraventricular nuc. and ADH from supraoptic nuc.

Question 26

The mid brain is made from what 3 structures?

Answer 26

Tectum Red nuc. Substantia Nigra

Question 27

The respiratory centre is located where in the brain?

Answer 27

Medulla and Pons

Question 28

Area postrema is located where in the brain?

Answer 28

Medulla

Question 29

What is Pyramidal Decussation and where does it occur?

Answer 29

The crossing of corticospinal axons leading to contralateral control In the medulla

Question 30

Where is Norepinephrine produced?

Answer 30

Locus Ceruleus

Question 31

Where is Dopamine produced?

Answer 31

Substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 32

Where is Serotonin produced?

Answer 32

Raphe nuc.

Question 33

Where is ACH produced?

Answer 33

Basal nuc. of Meynert

Question 34

What structure, if damaged, would lead to a coma?

Answer 34

Reticular Formation

Question 35

What does the Dorsal and Ventral respiratory group control?

Answer 35

Inspiration (DRG) and Expiration (VRG) respectively

Question 36

Does the cerebellum control contra or ipsilaterally?

Answer 36

Ipsilaterally

Question 37

What is Uncal herniation?

Answer 37

Herniation of the uncus through the tentorial notch, compressing the ipsilateral crus cerebri

Question 38

What is Cerebellar tonsil herniation?

Answer 38

Herniation of cerebellar tonsil through foramen magnum (Life threatening)

Question 39

What are the 7 neuron modalities from medial to lateral?

Answer 39

GSE, GVE, SVE, GVA, SVA, GSA, SSA

Question 40

What is the direction of movement of Projection, Association, and Commissural fibres?

Answer 40

Up Down, Front Back, Left Right

Question 41

What are the 5 functions of Astrocytes?

Answer 41

Potassium metabolism Blood brain barrier XS neurotransmitter removal Structural support Repair

Question 42

Blood brain barrier is made from what 3 structures?

Answer 42

Astrocyte foot processes Endothelial tight junctions Basement membrane

Question 43

Name the 4 types of MS

Answer 43

Relapsing Primary Secondary Progressive

Question 44

What are some of the treatments for MS?

Answer 44

Disease modifying therapies High-dose corticosteroids Physiotherapy

Question 45

What's the formal name for the "pituitary" gland?

Answer 45

Hypophysial gland

Question 46

What are the 6 layers of the Neocortex from superficial to deep?

Answer 46

Molecular Ext. granular Ext. pyramidal Int. granular Int. pyramidal Multiform

Question 47

What layers of the Neocortex receive and send inputs from other parts of the cortex / spinal cord?

Answer 47

Granular layers (Int. + Ext.)

Question 48

What layers of the Neocortex process information and send info to local and distant targets?

Answer 48

Pyramidal (Int. + Ext.)

Question 49

What symptoms are typical of damage to the frontal lobe?

Answer 49

Personality changes Deficits in planning and initiative Primitive reflexes

Question 50

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 50

Serves as a conduit allowing info to travel from one side of the brain to another

Question 51

What may be a cause of acromegaly?

Answer 51

Pituitary Adenoma

Question 52

What are the symptoms of a pituitary adenoma causing acromegaly?

Answer 52

Abnormal body growth & loss of peripheral vision (due to compression of optic chiasm)

Question 53

What is the optic Chiasm?

Answer 53

Location where the medial branches of the optic nerve cross over to other side of brain

Question 54

What is hemianopia?

Answer 54

loss of one half of your field of vision

Question 55

Where is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 55

Precentral gyrus

Question 56

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 56

Postcentral gyrus

Question 57

What's the difference between Primary and Association cortex's?

Answer 57

Primary receives and/or sends info with little processing, Association integrates info from various parts of brain to support higher order cognitive processes

Question 58

What is the role of the caudate nucleus?

Answer 58

Conduit for info moving from cortex to basal ganglia. Receives info relating to decision making, motivation, and motor control. Promotes behaviour that result in "reward"

Question 59

What lobe are the Hippocampus and Amygdala located in?

Answer 59

Temporal Lobe

Question 60

What is the Choroid plexus?

Answer 60

Network of blood vessels in each ventricle that produce CSF

Question 61

What structure closely follows the lateral geniculate nucleus?

Answer 61

Caudate nuc.

Question 62

What structure makes up the lateral walls of the 3rd Ventricle?

Answer 62

Thalamus

Question 63

What structure is the Cingulate gyrus a part of?

Answer 63

Limbic Lobe

Question 64

What two structures form the Dorsal striatum?

Answer 64

Caudate nuc. & Putamen

Question 65

Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?

Answer 65

the mid brain

Question 66

What are the 2 types of receptors in the postsynaptic membrane?

Answer 66

Ionotropic and Metabotropic

Question 67

Describe how Ionotropic receptors are activated

Answer 67

Directly Gate ion flow

Question 68

Describe how Metabotropic receptors are activated

Answer 68

Indirectly Gate ion flow or activate other pathways

Question 69

What is the hallmark of Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 69

Fatiguability (w/ painless weakness)

Question 70

What mediates stretch reflexes?

Answer 70

Muscle spindles

Question 71

When are Nerve conduction studies (NSC) indicated?

Answer 71

Useful for any focal sens or motor symptoms Less useful in polyneuropathies Less reliable in elderly

Question 72

What are the glial cells of the CNS?

Answer 72

Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependyma

Question 73

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

Answer 73

Schwann cells Satellite cells