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Week 11 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What are the most popular CAM modalities?

A
  • Herbal Medicine
  • Homeopathy
  • Aromatherapy
  • Massage
  • Reflexology
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2
Q

What is Homeopathy?

A

“Like cures like”
Use serial dilutions of a mother tincture

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3
Q

What are the harms of Homeopathy?

A
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4
Q

What are the harms of Herbal medication?

A
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5
Q

What are the two types of Chiropractic?

A

Straight
- Believe 95% of all disease are caused by displaced vertebrae

Mixed
- Believe it can be used to help with certain musculoskeletal issues

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6
Q

What are the harms of Chiropracty?

A
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7
Q

What are the harms of Acupuncture?

A
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8
Q

Describe the regulation of Adrenal Corticosteroids

A
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9
Q

What are some drugs used to limit the biosynthesis of Corticosteroids, Mineralocorticoids and Sex Hormones?

A
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10
Q

What is the MOA of Adrenal Steroids?

A
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11
Q

What are the primary functions of Cortisol?

A

Cortisol is the principal GLUCOCORTICOID

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12
Q

State some of the Anti-inflammatory & immunosyppressive effects of Cortisol

A
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13
Q

Describe the function of Mineralcorticoids

A
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14
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in replacement therapy for Addison’s?

A
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15
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in replacement therapy for secondary or tertiary adrenocortical insufficiency?

A
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16
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
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17
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Replacement therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

A
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18
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Relief of inflammatory symptoms and immunosuppressive therapy?

A
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19
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Treatment of allergies?

A
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20
Q

What Glucocorticoid is used in the treatment of Neoplastic disease?

A
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21
Q

Describe the clinical use of Glucocorticoids in Acceleration of lung maturation: Respiratory distress syndrome?

A
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22
Q

What may cause Cushing’s syndrome?

A
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23
Q

How do we treat Cushing’s Syndrome?

A
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24
Q

Describe the most common causes of Primary Hyperaldosteronism

A
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25
What are some **Adverse / Unwanted effects of Glucocorticoid therapy**?
26
What are the 4 parts of the **tooth**?
27
Describe **Caries**
28
What are the **stages of tooth decay**?
- Small cavity - Pulpitis - Necrotic pulp - Periradicular abscess - Chronic Abcess
29
How can we **manage/treat/prevent** Caries?
30
Describe **Periodontitis**
31
What is **Periodontitis linked/associated with**?
32
What is the **key** to treatment of Periodontitis?
**Biofilm destruction** Once damaged, it can't be healed
33
Are antibiotics effective in the treatment of Oral disease?
**No** They have limited use
34
What are some **signs/symptoms of Oral Cancer**?
35
What are some **treatment options** for Oral Cancer?
36
What are the two main causes of **Dry Mouth**, and what conditions may result in such?
37
Describe Hyposalivation secondary to gland pathology or damage from H+N radiotherapy/chemotherapy
38
Describe **TMJD** (temporomandibular joint dysfunction)
39
What may **oral ulceration** be indicative of?
40
What may **oral candidiasis** be indicative of?
41
What is **BRONJ/MRONJ**?
42
Describe **Pericoronitis**
43
What are some theories of the **placebo effect**?
44
Describe **Anthroposophic medicine**
45
Give a rough description of **EBM**
46
What may be some issues when trying to study the effects of **acupuncture**?
47
What is the **efficacy of CAM**?
48
What are some **Natural Impediments** to making valid inferences around the efficacy of CAM?
49
When are people most likely to turn to CAM?
At the peak of their symptoms in a chronic/long term condition
50
What is "Regression to the mean" in CAM and placebo?
51
What are some **reasons for people using CAM**?
52
What is **medical Pluralism**?
53
What are some **ethical issues around CAM**?
54
What 4 Diseases may stem from **Adrenal Hyperfunction**?
- Cushing's syndrome - Conn's syndrome - Adrenogenital syndrome & congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Adrenocortical neoplasms
55
Describe **Cushing's syndromes** features
56
What are the **3 main causes of Cushing's syndrome**?
57
Describe **Conn's syndrome**
58
What is the ratio of women to men in Conn's **AND** What do most have?
59
Describe **Congenital adrenal hyperplasia**
60
Where do **Primary Malignant** Adrenal Neoplasms stem from?
Cortex & Medulla
61
Where do **Secondary Malignant** Adrenal Neoplasms stem from?
Lung & Breast Kidney Colon Melanoma Lymphoma
62
What do Adrenal Carinomas often secrete?
Sex Steroids
63
What are some molecular expression changes in carcinomas?
64
Describe **Pheochromocytoma**
Tumour of **Chromaffin cells**
65
What are some **Acute causes of Adrenal Hypofunction**?
- Meningococcal Septicaemia - Disseminated intravascular coagulation
66
What are some **Chronic causes of Adrenal Hypofunction**?
- **Addison's disease** (autoimmune adrenalitis) - Metastasis, amyloid, TB
67
Describe Addison's disease's: - **Features** - **Causes** - **Associations**
68
What are 3 less common causes of diabetes?
- Pancreatitis - Cystic Fibrosis - Tumour
69
What are some examples of **Global Health issues**?
- Inequality - Debt - Austerity - Millitary industrial complex - Conflict - Pandemics - Climate / Environment
70
What may be some motivaions for **Global Health Policies**?
71
Define **Global health**
72
Define **Globalisation**
73
How do we measure Globalisation?
KOF index
74
What can happen if up to 3 of the 4 parathyroid glands are not functioning?
The remaining Gland(s) can hypertrophy and compensate for the lack of other glands
75
What cell secretes most if not all of **PTH**?
**Chief cells** of the parathyroid gland
76
What does PTH **stimulate/cause**?
77
Describe **PTH synthesis**
78
Roughly describe the **overall effects of PTH** on ECF calcium and phospate ion conc
79
How does PTH lead to a **RISE in calcium**?
80
How does PTH lead to a **DECREASE in phosphate**?
81
Describe **cAMP mediation** of the effects of PTH
82
What are some common causes of **Hypertrophy** of Parathyroid glands?
- Rickets - Pregnancy - Lactation
83
What are some common causes of **reduced size / decreased output** of parathyroid glands?
- High conc of calcium in diet - Increased dietary vit D - Bone reabsorption by factors other than PTH
84
Roughly describe the effects of PTH on the **Bones**, **kidneys**, and **intestine**
85
Name and describe the **2 phases of Calcium and Phosphate release** from bone due to PTH
86
How does PTH stimulate osteoclasts?
87
What are the effects of PTH on the **Kidneys**?
88
What are the effects of PTH on the **Intestine**?
89
Describe the production of **Vit D**
90
How does the body prevent **overproduction** of Vit D?
91
How does **Plasma Calcium levels** effect the formation of 1,25-D3?
92
Describe the Hormonal effect of Vit D to **promote intestinal calcium absoption**
93
What is Vit D's effect on **Phosphate absoption**?
94
How does Vit D effect **kidney's excretion of calcium and phosphate**?
95
What are the effects of Vit-D on **Bone and its relation to PTH**?
96
What are the effects of **decreasing** ECF calcium ions conc on PTH
97
What are the effects of **increasing** ECF calcium ions conc on PTH
98
How do we detect changes in **ECF calcium conc**?
99
Describe **Calcitonin**
100
What will **increased** ECF calcium conc do to Calcitonin secretion?
Stimulates Calcitonin secretion
101
What are some **Physiological roles of Calcium**?
102
Name a **synthetic analogue for ACTH**
**Tetracosactide**
103
What are the respective treatments for **Unilateral** and **Bilateral** Conn's syndrome?
Unilaeral - **Surgery** Bilateral - **Spironolactone**

Neuro (14 decks)

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