Week 01

Question 1

Macronutrients includes (4)?

Answer 1

CHO, Fat, Protein, H2O

Question 2

Micronutrients includes (3)?

Answer 2

Vitamins, minerals, trace elements

Question 3

The 3 simple sugars are?

Answer 3

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 4

How do you determine what type of CHO it is?

Answer 4

number of CHO units

Question 5

monosaccharides and disaccharides are ____ sugars/CHO

Answer 5

simple

Question 6

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are ____ sugars/CHO

Answer 6

complex

Question 7

Simple fat (1)?

Answer 7

triglycerides

Question 8

Compound fats (2)?

Answer 8

phospholipids, lipoproteins

Question 9

Derived lipids (1)?

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

2 large fat stores?

Answer 10

adipose tissue, intramuscular fat (IMTG)

Question 11

There are ___ amino acids total

Answer 11

20

Question 12

___ amino acids can be synthesized so are _____

Answer 12

11, non essential

Question 13

___ amino acids cannot be synthesized so are ____

Answer 13

9, essential

Question 14

Micronutrients include (3)?

Answer 14

vitamins, minerals, trace elements

Question 15

Excess sodiums affects…

Answer 15

the kidneys ability to regulate fluid intake -> can lead to BP elevation

Question 16

Phytonutrients are …

Answer 16

natural compounds found in plant foods

Question 17

carotenoids and polyphenol are…

Answer 17

plant based molecules

Question 18

carotenoids and polyphenol have…

Answer 18

antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects

Question 19

Salivary amylase breaksdown CHO and _____ into ____

Answer 19

polysaccharide into maltose

Question 20

What are the 3 functions of the stomach?

Answer 20

storage, gastric mixing, mucous secretions (into chyme)

Question 21

What breaks down food in the stomach?

Answer 21

Hydrochloric acid

Question 22

Acid in the stomach changes ____ into ____

Answer 22

pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 23

______ breaks down proteins in food during digestion

Answer 23

pepsin

Question 24

3 parts of the small intestine?

Answer 24

duodenum, jejenum, and ileum

Question 25

Where does most absorption take place during digestion?

Answer 25

small intestine (duodenum and jejenum)

Question 26

How does the food move along the tract?

Answer 26

Through peristaltic contractions

Question 27

Saliva contains (7)?

Answer 27

- Amylases - mucoid proteins - Bicarbonate - Electrolytes - Lysozymes - Lingual lipase - Protein antibodies

Question 28

Describe digestion of CHO...

Answer 28

Occurs initially in the mouth (amylase) at a rapid rate, slows down in the stomach, then increases rapidly in the small intestine (excluding fibre)

Question 29

Describe the digestion of fat...

Answer 29

fat digestion occurs initially in the mouth (lingual lipase), slows in the stomach and intestine

Question 30

Digestion of protein only occurs in the...

Answer 30

stomach and small intestine (proteases)

Question 31

_____ is the process by which digested food is transported across the wall of the intestine and into circulation

Answer 31

absorption

Question 32

2 ways absorption occurs..

Answer 32

simple diffusion or active transport

Question 33

The emptying process can take ...

Answer 33

1-4 hours

Question 34

Stomach and SI emptying is affected by.... (10)

Answer 34

- amount of chyme - neural response to stretching - hormones - psychological stress - gender - volume of food and fluid - energy density of food - osmolarity (higher = slower) - body temperature and food temp - exercise

Question 35

Actin filaments are made of...?

Answer 35

strand of troponin complex and tropomyosin and actin

Question 36

Myosin filaments are made of...?

Answer 36

globular head and myosin molecule

Question 37

Explain the process of excitation contraction coupling

Answer 37

1. Nerve impulse (action potential) 2. CA2+ released 3. Ca2+ binds to troponin 4. Conformational change in actin-tropomyosin complex 5. Actin-myosin binding (release of ADP and Pi) 6. Muscle contraction (power stroke of cross bridge cycling) 7. ATP binds to Myosin, broken down to ADP + Pi 8. If Ca2+ still present, will continue contraction cycling 9. Relaxation - Ca2+ stops release

Question 38

Muscle fibre types are categorized according to...

Answer 38

contraction speed and metabolic characteristics

Question 39

Endergonic reactions...

Answer 39

require energy to be driven

Question 40

Exergonic reactions...

Answer 40

releases free energy

Question 41

Phosphocreatine system requires __ enzyme(s) and is the most ___ system

Answer 41

1 enzyme, immediate

Question 42

Adenylate Kinase is an essential housekeeping enzyme that controls...

Answer 42

controls the energy balance in cells by catalyzing the reversible interconversion of ATP and AMP into two ADP molecules