week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
psychopathology
A
the study of abnormal thoughts behaviour and feelings
2
Q
equifinality
A
the same outcome can come from different origins
3
Q
multifinality
A
the same origin can end up at different outcomes
4
Q
abnormal
A
deviating from social norms, not all unusual behaviour is abnormal
5
Q
dysfunction (DSM-5)
A
does the behaviour impair an individuals ability to function in life
6
Q
distress (DSM-5)
A
social, occupational or other important activities
7
Q
deviance (DSM-5)
A
different from the norm, uncommon, rare
8
Q
danger (DSM-5)
A
an individual may be of danger to her/himself or others
9
Q
why do we diagnose?
A
- accurate description
- prediction
- intervention
10
Q
classification of mental disorders (cons)
A
- typologies can hide basic dimensions
- confusion description and explanation
- losing information due to labels
- stigmatizing due to labeling
11
Q
classification of mental disorders (pros)
A
- communication
- Organization and reduction of information
- efficient transfer of information
- basis for the accumulation of knowledge
- instructions for clinical diagnostics and therapy
12
Q
validity
A
the ability of an instrument to measure what it is supposed to measure
13
Q
reliabilty
A
consistency in measuring what it is supposed to measure
14
Q
face validity
A
when the items seem to measure what the test is intended to
15
Q
content validity
A
when the test assess all important aspects of a phenomenon
16
Q
concurrent validity
A
when a test gives similar results as compared to established test of the same phenomenon
17
Q
predicitve validity
A
when a test predicts well future thoughts, feelings and behaviours
18
Q
construct validity
A
when a test measures the psychological construct it is supposed to measure
19
Q
test-retest reliability
A
consistency over time internal reliability, when splitting a test in 2 each half gives similar results
20
Q
inter-rater reliability
A
when a test administered by two different people gives similar results
21
Q
unstructured interview
A
the clinician aks mostly open questions
22
Q
structured interview
A
the clinician aks prepared questions, often based on a published interview
23
Q
goal of an interview
A
- a therapeutic decision must be based on knowledge of the disorders and change
- the steps in the therapy should have a plan and a goal
- the professional psychotherapist is critical evaluation of the own procedure
- therapeutic decisions must be scientifically justified.
24
Q
development of mental disorders (dispositional factores)
A
vulnerability are things that happen in the very first two years and before conception
25
development of mental disorders (provoking factors)
are triggering the disorder
26
development of mental disorders (maintaining factors)
these are the factors we work on to change for treatment
27
high risk studies (research design)
discovery of premorbid deviations
28
family studies (research designs)
different types of family relations come with different rations of shared genes
29
twin studies (research designs)
helps to distangle gene environment interactions
30
adoption studies (research designs)
helps to get a somewhat better grip on the influence of environment
31
4 rules of behaviour of genetics
- all human behavioural traits are heritable
- the effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of genes
- a substantial portion of the variation in complex human behavioural traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or families
- a typical human behavioural trait is associated with very many genetic variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioural variability
32
serotonin
travels through many key areas of the brain, affecting the function of those areas. Implicated in depression, anxiety, aggressive impulses.
33
dopamine
found in areas of the brain associated with the experience of reinforcement and rewards. Affected by substances and behaviours that are pleasurable
34
norepinephrine
- produced by neurons in the brain stem
- cocaine and amphetamine, prolong the action of norepinephrine by slowing it's re uptake process
- it is linked to stress and joy
35
GAMMA-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters
- tranquilizing effects of some drugs is because they increase the inhibitory activity of GABA => linked to anxiety
36
hormones
- cortisol = stress hormone
- testosteron = reason for aggression
- oxytocin = laugh hormone, makes you more aggressive towards an outgroup
37
mental disorders can be found in the social environment of the person
- deprivation in the early development
- trauma
- marital problems/divorce
- parenting styles
- mental disorders of parents
38
culture relativism
is the view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behaviour abnormal
39
biological theories on abnormality
viewed abnormal behaviour as similar to physical diseases, caused by the breakdown of systems in the body, which can be cured by restoration of bodily health
40
supernatural theories on abnormality
blamed the behaviour on divine intervention, curses, demonic possession and personal sin. The cure was thought to be religious rituals, exorcisms
41
psychological theories on abnormality
considered abnormal behaviour to be a result of traumas or chronic stress.
42
driving away evil spirits (ancient theories)
prehistoric people used exorcisms because they suspected that a person who acted oddly might be possessed by evil spirits.
43
china balancing yin and yang (ancient theories)
ancient Chinese medicine, one of the earliest pieces of literature about abnormality, was based on the concept that the human body contains a positive force yang and a negative force yin. If they were in balance, the individual was healthy, imbalance could result in illness.
44
Egypt, Greece and Rome (ancient theories)
most Greeks an Romans saw abnormal behaviour as an affliction from the gods.
45
witchcraft (Medieval views)
psychiatric historians have argued that persons accused of witchcraft must have been mentally ill
46
psychic epidemics (Medieval views)
This is phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviours that appear to have psychological origin
47
mental hygiene movement
was based on the psychological view that people developed problems because they had become separated from nature and had succumbed to the stresses imposed by the rapid social changes of the period
48
moral treatment
The French physician Philippe Pinel believed that abnormality could be cured by restoring dignity and tranquility
49
general paresis
a disease that leads to paralysis, insanity and eventually death, is syfilis a bacterial infection spread by sexual contact (1897, Richard Krafft-Ebing)
50
behaviorism
is the study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behaviour and behavioural theories have led to many effective psychological treatments for disorders
51
cognitions
are thought processes interpretation of events and beliefs the influence behaviour and emotion
52
self-efficacy beliefs
are people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviour necessary to control important events, which are crucial for people's wellbeing
53
deinstitutionalization
1960 the patients rights movement argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community with the support of community-based treatment facilities.
54
community mental health movement
1963 President Kennedy launched this movement to provide coordinated mental health services to people. Social workers, therapists and physicians worked together in order to coordinate care.
55
halfway houses
offer people with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured and supportive environment as they try to reestablish working relationships and ties to family and friends
56
Day treatment centers
allow people to obtain treatment during the day, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies, but live ate home.
57
managed care
is a collection of methods for coordinating care that ranged from simple monitoring to total control over what care van be provided and pair for.
58
assessment
the process of gathering information about people's symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms
59
personality inventories
assess people's typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving to gather information on their well-being, self-concept, attitudes and beliefs.
60
self-monitoring
requires the individual to keep track of the number of times per day they engage in a specific behaviour and the conditions under which this behaviour occurs
61
intelligence tests
are used to get a sense of an individual's intellectual strengths and weaknesses, particularly when mental retardation or brain damage is suspected etc
62
neuropsychological tests
are useful to detect specific cognitive deficits such as memory problems.
63
computerized tomography (CT)
a method where X-ray beams are passed through the person's head in a single plane from a variety of angels and the amount of radiation absorbed by each beam is measured
64
positron-emission tomography (PET)
provides a picture of activity in the brain by injecting the patient with harmless radioactive isotope which travels through the blood to the brain
65
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
has the advantage that it can be used repeatedly, since the patient is not exposed to any radiation or injected with radioisotopes
66
psychological tests
can detect changes in the brain and nervous system that reflect emotional and psychological changes.
67
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
measures electrical activity through the firing of specific neurons in the brain. It can be used to detect seizure activity, tumors and strokes.
68
projective tests
when presented with an ambiguous stimulus, they will interpret the stimulus in line with their current concerns and feelings, relationships with others
69
reifying diagnosis (classification)
once a diagnosis is defined in any classification system, people see the diagnosis as real and true rather as the product of a set of judgements about how symptoms tend to occur together
70
category or continuum (classification)
the DSM-5 retains the categorical system for most diagnoses, but it introduces a continuum or dimensional perspective on several disorders.
71
addressing cultural issues (classification)
different cultures have distinct ways of conceptualizing mental disorders and some disorders that are defined in one culture do not seem to occur in others.
72
biopsychosocial approach
recognizes that the development of psychological symptoms often results from a combination of biological, psychological and socio-cultural risk factors
73
hindbrain
includes all the structures located in the posterior part of the brain. Is crucial for basic life functions, such as breathing
74
midbrain
located in the middle of the brain, relays sensory information, controls movement and regulates responses to reward
75
forebrain
includes the structures located in the front part of the brain
76
cerebral cortex (outer layer cerebrum)
is involved in many of our most advanced thinking processes
77
thalamus
which directs incoming information from sense receptors to the involved in processing basic emotions
78
hypothalamus
regulates eating, drinking, sexual behaviour and is involved in processing basic emotions
79
limbic system
regulate many instinctive behaviours such as reactions to stressful events, eating and sexual behaviour
80
brain dysfunction
can result from injury, such as from an automobile accident and from diseases that cause brain deterioration
81
neurotransmitters
are biochemicals that act as messengers carrying impulses from one neuron, or nerve cell, to another in the brain and others parts of the nervous system
82
degradation
the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals
83
pituitary gland
lies just below the hypothalamus, it produces the largest number of different hormones and controls the secretion of other endocrine glands
84
behavioural genetics
the study of the genetics of personality and abnormality that asks to what extent behaviours or behavioural tendencies are inherited, and what the processes are by which genes affect behaviour
85
lithium
is a metallic element which is widely used as a mood stabilizer, particularly in the treatment of bipolar disorder
86
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
alternative drug therapies, is now most commonly used for treating severe mood disorders
87
psychosurgery
is used rarely and only with people who have severe disorders that do not respond to other forms of treatment
88
behavioural approaches
focus on the influence of reinforcements and punishments in producing behaviour
89
modeling
people learn new behaviours from imitating the behaviours modeled by important people in their lives
90
observational learning
takes place when a person observes the reward and punishments that another person receives for his or her behaviour and then behaves in accordance with those rewards and punishments
91
behavioural therapies
focus on identifying those reinforcements and punishments that contribute to a person's maladaptive behaviours and on changing specific behaviours
92
systematic desensitization therapy
is a gradual method for extinguishing anxiety responses to stimuli.
93
cognitive therapies
help clients identify and challenge their negative thoughts and dysfunctional belief systems
94
psychodynamic theories
all behaviours are influenced by unconscious processes
95
psychodynamic therapies
focus on uncovering and resolving the unconscious processes that are thought to drive psychological symptoms to help clients recognize their maladaptive coping strategies
96
humanistic theories
assume that humans have an innate capacity for goodness and for living a full life.
