Week 1 Flashcards

Question

Truth

Answer 1

* Qualitative challenges "what is true?" * Single events are questionable because: * One account is governed by one context * Research by people about people * One account based on one researchers opinion

Answer 2

* Reflexive - Researcher is central so they must reflect on themselves and the process * Fidelity - Be committed to presenting a true representation of the study * Created from agreed upon meanings as people talk * Shared meanings become codified for medicine, law, education etc * Recognised as normal and natural and central to arguements

Answer 3

* Meaning is negotiable - can change over time * Need to understand ways meaning can change over time * Continually revisit data to clarify and confirm understanding and reveal nuances

Answer 4

* Cyclical & Non-Linear process * Often go back to seek new evidence that might modify existing theory * Generate new theory and repeat

Answer 5

* Nothing is assumed - even theories, and hypotheses can change context * Theory emerges as we investigate * Data collection is relativeley unstructured

Answer 6

Allegedly separate and internal coherent approaches to research and theory * These methods can be characterised below;

Answer 7

* Commonality of Definitions * need to counterpose methods that reflect quantification

Answer 8

Examine & Compare qualitative methods against quantitative methods

Answer 9

* Inevitably begin by stating what qualitative methods are not * Need to understand both quantitative an qualitative * Both methods arose as criticism of the other * Responses address problems of both methodologies

Answer 10

* Commonality of definitions - Examine and Compare both methods * Qualitative - emerge recently as an alternative to mainstream * Difficult to define and measure separate from Quantification

Answer 11

* Psychology is the science of the mind * Research follows the hypothetic-deductive model (Scientific Method) * Seeks to discover relationships with cause and effect * Empirical testing: if correct it is true, if incorrect then it is rejected

Answer 12

* Theories are adjusted to accommodate new facts * Eventually, false theories are rejected * Truth stands as false theories disappear * Other sciences are the same

Answer 13

* The Method is considered superior because it is objective and observable * Problems such as ecological validity, ethics, volunteer characteristics, etc * Parker 1994 - 3 Methodological Horrors

Answer 14

1. Indexicality 2. Inconcludability 3. Reflexivity

Answer 15

* Explanations are always tied to situations and change with time and context * Problems of: * Reliability, validity , generalisation * Notions of replication

Answer 16

* An account is always incomplete * Theories always supplemented and evolves this way * Problems of theory building, definitiveness and deductive closure

Answer 17

* How we characterise ideas changes how it works for us * This changes our perception, which changes characterisation etc * Instability of social and psychological reality are obstacles to objectivity

Answer 18

* Scientific Method doesn't leave space for theory development * Emphasis on testing to replicate means new theories are unlikely to be generated * Scientists unlikely to reject theories based on evidence * Kuhn 1962 said When evidence fails a theory, scientists blame flaws in the experiment not flaws in the theory

Answer 19

* Science does not progress in a piecemeal manner * Takes leaps in scientific revolutions that lead to paradigm shifts * Qualitative methods contribute to new theory development * Particularly in grounded theories with no priori hypothesis

Answer 20

* Revolve around issues of context, meaning, interpretation * The ***Gap*** between perception of objects and their representations * This gap not acknowledged by science - Parker 1992 * Quantitative research works against the gap; Qualitative works with it * Qualitative deals with horrors and has processes that acknowledge the gap and attempts to bridge it. *

Answer 21

* Admit work is never perfectly replicable * Include accounts of changes over time * Aim to describe a specific context instead of formulating rules (Idiographic)

Answer 22

* Aims to tell a plausible story not a complete one * Welcomes change and openness * Welcomes opportunity to supplement accounts * Results are always provisional

Answer 23

* Regards subjectivity as a resource not a problem * Researcher can't be neutral so they can interact by knowing themselves * By looking at the role of Researcher, plausible rounded accounts can be compiled

Answer 24

An expression of the awareness that it is impossible to deal with interpretation by suppressing it.

Answer 25

**P -** Purpose **O -** Ontology **E -** Epistemology **M -** Methodology

Answer 26

Why is research conducted

Answer 27

* What is the nature of reality * What can be known about it.

Answer 28

* The relationship between the Knower and what can be known * What can we know about the world and how do we know it

Answer 29

How is the research carried out and investigated

Answer 30

* * Background knowledge tells us what we think exists * How do you understand it? - Most concretely * How do you think it should be studied Systems of interrelated ways of thinking that define four dimensions: 1. Purpose 2. Ontology 3. Epistemology 4. Methodology

Answer 31

* Positivist * Interpretive * Constructionist

Answer 32

* Developed into several paradigms - interpretivism, constructionism, critical * Anti-Positivist common themes: * Too much information lost in quantification * Observation influenced by prior knowledge and opinion * Different theories explain same data just as well * Research is affected by other researchers purpose

Answer 33

* No one paradigm is best - both are valid * Depends on what you are trying to do * Qual can be seen as a voice of the investigation * Quant describes the scope and extent of an experience

Answer 34

Fitting the methodology to the question being asked and they type of data needed to answer it.

Answer 35

**Purpose** - Research Question **Ontology -** Nature of reality **Epistemology -** Role of the Researcher **Methodology -** How research is conducted

Answer 36

* Positivist * Experiential Interpretivist * Interpretivist * Constructionist

Answer 37

* **P -** Determine differences and establish differences between groups * **O -** Objective Truth, Naïve Realism, Materialism * **E -** Neutral/detached observer, Empiricism * **M -** Quantitative Method

Answer 38

* **P -** Exploring experience meaning, Assumes truth can be accessed through language * **O -** Experiential Realist, Critical Realist * **E -** Empathic Realist * **M -** Some Thematic Analysis, Glaserian Grounded Theory

Answer 39

* **P -** Exploring meanings of stories, assumes truth cannot be accessed through language * **O -** Critical realist, Pragmatic relativist * **E -** Contextualist * **M -** Straussian Grounded Theory, IPA or Narrative Analysis

Answer 40

* **P -** Examine the construction of meaning * **O -** Discursively Constructed through social norms/relativist * **E -** Critical/Social constructionist * **M -** Discourse Analysis or Foucauldian Discourse Analysis

Answer 41

* Coined by Auguste Comte * Study social science by using the same methods as natural science: * e.g. Empiricism, Colleting data through observation * Became neo-positivism when observation became an impediment to studying the mind * Admitted that mental states can be ***inferred*** rather than observed directly * Epistemology Framework and Ontology - Realism (naive realism, materialism)

Answer 42

* Cognitivism relies on deducing mental states * Observable behaviour can infer mental states

Answer 43

* Emerged in the 70's in response to criticisms of scientific method * Method might be inappropriate to understanding human behaviour * Relativist Ontology - rejection of single reality * Truth is relative * Socially constructed through language * Pursuit of psychology should study langauge

Answer 44

* Research uses philosophy and methodical approach * This works best for problems being investigated * Does it work? Then it's probably right * Associated with mixed methods research

Answer 45

1. Examine 2. Discover 3. Determine 4. Explore 5. Examine again

Answer 46

We examine ideas and how they are represented in language and their perspectives

Answer 47

1. Nomothetic Research 2. Ideographic Research

Answer 48

* Dictates future outcomes * Needs large Sample sizes * Quantitative * Very General

Answer 49

* Deep and detailed understandings of events * Thick descriptive language * Small sample sizes * More in depth but not general

Answer 50

* Focused on making sense of the human experience * Within context and not future prediction * Reflexive - Encourages study of subjective and objective experiences * Insists on linguistic, historical and social context to observe human behaviour

Answer 51

There are many and numerous styles but they all have these characteristics: * Description * Context * Meaning * Interpretation * Truth * Process

Answer 52

* occurs in everyday contexts * Accounts for wider social political and cultural context * Is immersive to understand at many different levels * Power relations have real effects

Answer 53

* Subject of investigation * Standpoint of the investigators * How we approach research * Objects take on meaning in relation to the context in which we use them

Answer 54

* How I see the world * Quant screens out interpretation - tries to be objective * Qual believes this is impossible * The world is always interpreted * Not what we do but who we are

Answer 55

* Bridges reality with what we know * Notice there is a gap between the things we know and the account of what they are

Answer 56

* Meaning and interpretation are unstable * changes in as our understanding of the world changes * There is always more to add and different ideas to develop

Answer 57

* Notion of truth raises doubts by the Qualitative Method * Any single explanation of a phenomenon is questionable because it is incomplete * There is only one context or history * Done buy people about people * Don't just study one phenomenon, Also motivations intentions and beleifs

Answer 58

* Researcher must: * Reflect on themselves and the process * Be committed to a TRUE representation of the study

Answer 59

Researcher must: * Be committed to preset a true representation of the study * Remain objective about the outcome and not manipulate the result

Answer 60

* Created within social interaction * Created by agreed upon meanings as we talk about experiences * Shared meanings become normalised in law, medicine etc

Answer 61

* Can change and evolve over time * We examine the process of meaning change by revisit ideas and data * Cyclical Process/Non-Linear process often looking back to old data, modifying theories and repeat * Theory is expected to emerge as investigation proceeds

Answer 62

Theories emerge from investigation Few/No prior hypotheses Data Collection is relatively unstructured

Answer 63

* Ontology * Stable, external reality * Law-like * Epistemology * Objective * Detached observer * Methodology * Experimental * Quantitative * Hypothesis

Answer 64

* Ontology * Internal reality of subjective experience * Epistemology * Empathetic * Observer intersubjectivity * Methodology * Interactional * Interpretation * qualitative

Answer 65

* Ontology * Socially constructed reality * Discourse * Epistemology * Suspicious * Political * Observer constructing versions * Methodology * Deconstruction * textual analysis * Discursive psychology

Answer 66

* Truth is constructed through language * Study of psychology should include the study of **Language**