Week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
A
- allows us to investigate the lived experience of a phenomena
- Instead of predicting or treating, we focus on lived experience of phenomena
- Helps us to undestand people better
- When we see things differently, we can doo things differntly as well
2
Q
Three types of Qualitative Methods
A
- Phenomeonlogy
- Ethnopraphy
- Sociolinguistics
3
Q
Approach to Qualitative Methods - Phenomenology
A
- Aim is to examine the human experience
- Seek detailed description of people being studied
- Avoids comparison of experience or person
4
Q
Approach to Qualitative Methods - Ethnography
A
Aims is to explore a culture or group by immersing into that society
5
Q
Approach to Qualitative Methods - Sociolinguistics
A
Seeks to explore dialectical connections with language and people
6
Q
Possible Methods to Analyse Qualitative Research
A
- Grounded Theory
- Thematic Content Analysis
- Narrative Analysis
- Interpretive Phenomenonlogical Analysis
7
Q
Which QM to Choose
A
Aim
* What is the naure of the question
* Experiential/Interpretive/Critical
Nature of Data
* Interview Transcripts
* Focus Group Transcripts
Archival Texts
* Method
* Which QM is best suited to respond to the aim and data set
8
Q
IPA
A
- Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
- First Devised in 1990’s
- Enables researchers to capture qualitative/experiential aspects of dialogue
9
Q
Aim of IPA
A
- Explore lived experiences in vivid detail
- Defining individual context
- Attempting to understand what it is like from another point of view
10
Q
Fundamental Tenets of IPA
A
Qualconcepts were drawn from 3 areas of Philosophy
* Phenomenology
* Hermeneutics
* Idiography
11
Q
Phenomenology
A
- Focus on cognitive experience as it happens
- Not reduced to components or parts
- Developed from Franz Brentano & Edmund Husserl
12
Q
Franz Brentano 1838-1917
A
- Ontology - Study of consciousness
- Focus on judging recollecting, expecting, douting, fear, hope and love
- Intentionality within acts and events
- Every mental experience and act is directed toward an object
13
Q
Edmund Husserl - 1859-1938
A
- Phenomenology bridges physical world and subjective world
- Phenomenology is teh essece of conscious experience
- Bracketing - Object is exactly how we described it
- Expanded into modern existentialism
- Ontology - Study of existence or what it means
14
Q
Everyday Lived Experience
A
- First Order - The actual experience
- Second Order - Mental and affective responses to the experience
15
Q
More Edmund Huressl
A
- Experience should be examined in the way that it occurs
- Everything we see can also be experienced
16
Q
Hermeneutics
A
- Understanding and interpreting meaning
- Named for Hermes the Greek messengaer of the Gods
- Aristotle who said interpretation is part of logical thinking
17
Q
Evolution of Hermeneutics
A
Greek Philosophers
* Knowledge through experience and reason
* Empiricism & Rationalism
Christian Philosophers
* Knowledge should be gained revelation
* Using contemplation of the Bible
Renaissance
* Questions arise around who has authority to interpret the Bible
1. First Church Authorities
2. The Lutheranism - Humans have the ability to understand scripture for themselves; Now uses common tongue
3. Translation - an act of interpretation in and of itself
18
Q
Secular Hermeneutics
A
- Made accesible to peop to understand law, medicine, philosophy, and history
- In 18th Century it helped us understand behaviour, consequences of action and human mental life
- Gottfied von Herder 1744-1803 - Understanding empathy for other people and times
- Droyson 1744-1803 - Natural science vs historical methodology (Explanation vs Description)
19
Q
Hans-Georg Gadamer
A
- Influenced by Martin Heidegger
- Human nature is interpretive
- Preunderstandings influence interpretation
- Philisophical Hermeneutics - Ontology precedes epistemology
- This challenges the scientific method
- Explore the arts as they reveal truth that scientific method doesn’t
20
Q
Philosophical Hermenuetics - 1997
A
The nature of subject matter comes before the methodolgy
Contradicts the scientific method where you choose the “right” methodology first, then start the research
This challenges the Scientific Method
21
Q
Gadamer’s Six Hermeneutic Concepts
A
- Hermeneutic Circle
- Horizon
- Fusion of Horizons
- Tradition & Prejudice
- Langauge
- Dialogue
22
Q
Gadamers - Hermeneutic Circle
A
- Understanding is always framed by something already understood
- Understand the whole to understand the parts
- Understand the parts to make sense of the whole
23
Q
Gadamers - Horizon
A
- Person’s knowledge and experience are their Horizon
- This is the ground and limit of their understandin
- Each Horizon is Historically Determined and Culturally Embedded
- Horizons cannont be escaped
- Horizons shape our understanding
24
Q
Gadamers - Fusion of Horizons
A
- Individual Horizon can transcend by exposure to another Horizon
- New Horizon has views that give new context to our Horizon
- Hegel Dialectical Reasoning & Piaget’s assimillation and accomodation
25
Gadamers - Tradition & Prejudice
* We are all embedded in a cultural tradition
* This creates prejudice of understanding
* This is why we state Paradigms, Ontology and Epistimology overtly
26
Gadamers - Language
* Language is the universal metod of communication
* **Linguistic Medium** describes Interpretation
* **Language** determines how we understand the world and know ourselves
* **Social Constructionism** how we give and receive love e.g. love languages
27
Gadamers - Dialogue
* Hermeneutic Experience is discusson between interpreter and the phenomena
* **Understanding** is dialogue between individuals
* Understanding is **constrained by questions** - as the questions change, understanding changes
28
Interpretive Process
* Phenomenological inquiry is a process
* Uncovers meanings hidden by perception of a phenomenon
29
Double Hermeneutic
1. Participant makes sense of the world
2. Researcher makes sense of the participant making sense of the world
3.
30
Reflexive Statement & IPA
* Challenges researcher to critically and reflexively evaluate any preconceptions
* Fore-conceptions emerge in the research process
* Need to acknowledge foregrounding and bracketing
30
Reflexive Statement & IPA
* Challenges researcher to critically and reflexively evaluate any preconceptions
* Fore-conceptions emerge in the research process
* Need to acknowledge foregrounding and bracketing
31
Bracketing
* Also known as foregrounding
* Acknowledging participants pre accounts
32
IPA Iterative Process
* A cycle of movement and understanding
* From interpreter to object of interpretation
* From parts of text to the whole text
* The Hermeneutic Circle
33
Idiography
* Wihem Windelband Neo-Kantian Philosopher
* Introduced Nomothetic and Idiographic terms
* These were entered into psychology by Alport 1962
34
Idiographic Orientation
* A complete, indepth understanding of an indiviual
* Focuses on Individuals rather than data
* Data is collected and aggregated as a whole
35
Idiographic Approach
* Aims for in depth focus of particular individual
* Commited to detail and finely textured analysis
* Does not rely on accumulated data - this is more nomothetic
* IPA Uses purposive homogenous sampling
* Single cases or Case-Studies
36
Analytic Process - Collecting Data
* Usually collected with semi or unstructured interviews
* Aims to capture a lived experience of participant
* Takes up epistomological position of realism
* Data is viewed as reflective rather than co-constructed
* Transcripts and Familiarisation and Pre-analysis of Qual Data Analysis
37
Analytic Practice - 3 Key Steps
1. Empathic descriptive summary of individual - idiographic emphasis
2. Thematic analysis of individual case from descriptive concepts to interprative
3. Abstracted and conceptual reading across multiple cases
* Each case is analysed separately
* Text is always intepreted through the participant's own words
* Direct Quotations are important throughout analysis
38
Analytic Process - Step 1: Brief descriptive summary
* Brief Descriptive, empathic summary
* Condence and capture individal experience
* Lens of understanding phenomena being investigated
* Use participants words to demonstrate empathic stance
39
Analytic Process - Step 2.1: Identifying concepts
* Read through transcripts a few times
* Left margin note anything interesting or significant
* Keep RQ in mind at all times
* Comment on language, similarities, differences and contradictions
* Try to make sense of what is impotant to the participant
40
Analytic Process - Step 2.1: Identifying concepts
* There are no rules, comment on anything that is interesting
* Some parts will be richer than others
* These will lead to further commentary
41
Analytic Process - Step 2.2: Identifying Themes
* Read through and document emerging sub-themes in right margins
* Move inital notes into concise paragraphs
* Capture the essence of the experience
* Keep focused on participants experience and also analysis
* Seek theoretical connections across cases
42
Step 2.2: Identifying Themes 2
* Cluster Concepts to form sub-themes
* List Subthemes on a sheet of paper in the order they appear
* Look for connections
* Connect ideas unified by a central concept
* ONLY look at what is said dirctly - Do NOT infer
43
Step 2.3: Identifying Superordinate Themes
* Find subthemes that point to larger order understanding
* Interpretaion often beyond participants words but always stay close to subjects actual words
* Clustered themes are **Superordinate** (Over-arching) Themes
* Should be only 1-3 superodinate themes
44
Step 2.4: Ordering
* Order emerging superordinate themes into groups
* Ensure order is coherent per Hermeneutic Circle
* Order is from most strongly capturing subjects experience to least strongly
45
Step 2.4: Ordering 2
* Note Subthemes under Superordinate themes
* Refer back to text and identify connects to participants words
* Give each Superordinate Theme it's own name
* Should reflect participants words
46
Step 2.5: Find Identifiers
* Add **Identifier of Instances** under each theme
* These identify subthemes in participants words
* **Identifier** - where in the transcript the theme is found
* Instances - Key words that demonstrate the Identifier (page and line number is found
47
Moving to Step 3
* Steps 1 and 2 are completed in their entirety
* Done for each data source before the next is completed
* Once all data has been examined Superordinate Themes are compared across data set
* Final master themes are presented this way
48
Step 3: Final Structure
* Eliminate Superordinate themes that do not fit well
* Place theme clusters and identifiers in a table
* List subthemes which go with identifier
49
Modern Existentialism
* Husserl 1938
* Pure Phenomenology
* The Nature of Human Existence
* Ontology - The study of Existence or what it means to Be
