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Psychophysiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychophysiology

A

relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to
mental processes and disorders.

AKA the relationship between our physiology and behavior.

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2
Q

Human vs 4-legged animal terms

A

bipedal - human

quadrupedal - dog

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3
Q

Neuraxis

A

imaginary line drawn through the base of the spinal chord to the front of the brain, use to help with directions

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4
Q

Cephalic Flexure

A

The part of the neuroaxis that Curvesbetween the brainstem and the forebrain

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5
Q

Directions: Anterior/Rostral and Posterior/Caudal

A

Anterior/Rostral is toward the head

Posterior/Caudal is toward the tail.

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6
Q

Directions: Dorsal and Ventral

A

Dorsal is toward top of head or back

Ventral towards front surface facing belly

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7
Q

Directions: Lateral and Medial

A

Lateral: towards the side

Medial: towards the midline (neuraxis)

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8
Q

Directions: Labeled on a brain

A
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9
Q

Directions: ipsalateral and contralateral

A
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10
Q

Directions: Unilateral and bilateral

A
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11
Q

Directions: Proximal and Distal

A
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12
Q

Cross sections of the brain

A

Coronal: cross sections

Horizonal: parallel to ground

Sagittal planes: perpendicular to the ground and parallel to neuroaxsis (midsagittal plan divides directly in half)

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13
Q

MRI vs CT

A

Both provide pictures of brains

MRI has more detailed tissue, less detailed bone, very expensive, maybe risky, much longer

CT is less detailed tissue but more detailed bony structures, cheaper with no risks, quick

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14
Q

Nervous system: overall

A

Helps parts of body communicate, takes in information through our senses, processess that info and triggers reactions using chemical and electrical signals

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15
Q

2 core parts of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)= Brain and spiral chord
- main function: homeostasis, interpreting sensory info, creating motor responses, learning, thinking

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)= nerves that branch off spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body
- main function: relay between the CNS and the rest of the body

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16
Q

The brain controls

A

thoughts
memory
emotions
touch
motor skills
vision
breathing
temperature
hunger

AKA: every process that regulates our body

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17
Q

the brain has 3 levels of protection:

A

skull/cranium
meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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18
Q

Level one brain protection: Cranium/skulll

A

made like a jigsaw puzzle so it breaks apart well if impacted

Overall 22 pieces but cranium has 8 main bones

Takes 1100 lbs to break

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19
Q

Level one brain protection: Cranium/skulll – STRONGEST and WEAKEST bones

A

Pterion= weakest point

Jawbone= strongest

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20
Q

Level two brain protection: Meninges

A

Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord.

Three layers:

  • Dura Mater: thick and tough outer layer
  • Arachnoid Membrane: Soft and spongy middle (subarachnoid space: gap filed with CSF
  • Pia Mater: around every surface, smalls surface cells
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21
Q

Level three brain protection: CSF/the Ventricular System - GENERAL

Study These Flashcards
A

CSF provides protection, nourishment, and waste removal

  • clear, colorless body fluid, that contains metabolic products, ependymal cells, and neurotransmitters
  • Produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS of the ventricles of the brain
  • The ventricular system produces and secretes CSF
22
Q

Level three brain protection: CSF/the Ventricular System - PATH

Study These Flashcards
A

Lateral ventricles (2)

Inerventricular foramina (2)

3rd ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

4th ventricle

central canal to spine

BLOCKAGE: hydocephalus

23
Q

Brain energy uses

Study These Flashcards
A

Brain uses:
- 20% of total resting oxygen
- 15-20% of total blood flow goes to the brain
- 60% of glucose metabolism

Energy Division:
–Approx. 25% = maintaining neurons and glial cells
–Approx. 75% = electrical signaling across the brain’s circuits.

24
Q

CNS Development

Study These Flashcards
A

Neural tube = serves as the
embryonic brain and spinal cord the,
the central nervous system –> Divides to form basic brain regions.

Neuronal migration = brings neuronal cells to their locations –> neurons branch to form synapses

25
Apoptosis
planned and purposeful neuronal cell death, removal of damages or unneeded neurons ex. stop sending cells to umbilical chord when no longer need it Necrosis: unplanned and uncontrolled ex. radiation
26
Synaptic Pruning
Synaptic Pruning = a natural process that occurs in the brain between early childhood and adulthood. During synaptic pruning, the brain eliminates extra synapses. --> this helps your brain be more EFFICIENT Ex. use it or loose it, why can't learn morphemes after certain age
27
Synaptic pruning vs apoptosis
Apotosis: CELL DEATH Synaptic Pruning: ELIMINATES SYNAPSES
28
Difficulties with synaptic pruning
Too much or too little pruning is bad! too few synapses correlated with schzio. Too many synapses correlated with ASD
29
Brain divisions - chart
MEMORIZE THIS Forebrain midbrain hindbrain
30
Brain division - image
31
Olfactory bulb
Smell center. Right near hipocampus, which is why smell is associated with memory
32
Telencephalon
Largest component of the brain, covered by term cerebral cortex --> higher level stuff Two hemispheres joined by corpus callosum divided into four lobes (see next slide) Has Convolutions (grooves, see next slides)
33
Corpus Callosum
Joines two hemispheres, what you split in a labotomy
34
Four lobes of telencephalon
frontal parietal temporal occipital
35
Convolutions
Sulci = small grooves Fissures = large grooves Gyri = bulges between the sulci and fissures (increase the S.A. by 3x)
36
Components of the cortex (telencephalon)
Made up of glia, cell bodies, dendrites & axons Gray on outside because of cell bodies (glial are gray) white on the inside because of mylenated cells (cells that are covered in lipid layer to increase insulation which increases firing speed)
37
Glial Cells
Think gray, glial They are supportive and nourishing cells, 10-50 more times than neurons lots in brain like lots
38
Main sulci and gyri
Central sulcus: boundary between frontal and parietal lobe Precentral gyrus: location of primary motor cortex Postcentral gyrus: location of somatosensory cortex (all senses except smell and taste)
39
Forebrain lobe functions
*Helpful: remember we develop back to front* Frontal: executive functions (emotion regulation, planning) Prefrontal Cortex: main planing and strategizing Parietal: integrating sensory information like touch Temporal lobe: processing sensory information, like hearing, language, memory Occipital lobe: visual processing
40
Homonculus
Model that reflects the amount of brain tissue that goes to sensory/motor neurons for that part (mouth has a lot, so does hand, etc.)
41
Limbic system
basal ganglia, limbic system, thalmaus, and hypothalamus --> both in telencephalon and diencephalon emotion regulation system! --> emotion, motivation, learning, memory
42
Main parts of the limbic system
Thalamus: relay station Hypothalamus: homeostasis Amygdala: emotion center (almond) Hippocampus: memory Basal ganglia: dopamine center, motor movement
43
What happens to limbic system in pubery
more controlled by the PFC
44
Amygdala
shaped like almond emotional center Flight or fight response Learning of reward and punishment memory consolidation PTSD: increased activity
45
Hippocamps
shaped like seahorse? formation of new memories next to olfactory bulb (memory and smell linked( When damaged: memory loss, disorientation ex. dimentia
46
Basal Ganglia
Part of limbic system Controls motor movement, motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions --> like smooth motor leraning (like riding a bike) Modulated by dopamine that is made in susbtania nigra - Dopamine dysfunction: movement disorders (parkingsons), dystonia, tics, etc.
47
Substania Nigra
Produces dopamine
48
Lateralization
tendency of different hemispheres to hvae specialized function Only somewhat true (debunked broca, etc.) What is true? we see more firing on the left for language and analysis, and more firing for attention and synthesis on the right side
49
Cultural considerations
50
Telencephalon vs diencephalon
“neocortex aka cerebrum” largest division of the brain. 4 lobes (frontal, occipital, temporal and parietal). Also contains the Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) and post-central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex). Homunculus represents amount of brain tissue and motor/sensory nerves devoted to an area of the body Diencephalon – contains the thalamus (“relay station”) and hypothalamus (homeostasis). Limbic System crosses both the telencephalon and diencephalon. 5 main components (thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia).

Psychophysiology (13 decks)

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