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Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Midbrain consists of:

A

Ventricle: cerebral aqueduct

Subdivision: Mesencephalon

Principle Structures: Tectum and Tegmentum

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2
Q

“phalon”s

A
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3
Q

Midbrain function

A

Mesencephalon

Important functions in motor movement, serves as pathway between spinal chord, cerebellum, and forebrain

part of the brainstem

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4
Q

Tectum

A

Part of the mesencephalon/midbrain.

Tectum= roof

Principle structures:
- Superior colliculi: visual reflects/object tracking (orienting)
- Inferior colliculi: auditory system in the ear

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5
Q

Tegmentum

A

Covering

Wraps around the cerebral aqueduct (connects the third and the fourth ventricle)

Includes:
PAG (periaqueductal gray matter)
Raphe (red) nucleus
Substantia Nigra (black)

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6
Q

PAG (periaqueductal gray matter)

A

Pain modulation, opens and closes pain response (this is where endo and exo opioids act)

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7
Q

Raphe (red) nucleus

A

Coordination of sensorimotor information
synthesizes serotonin (helps put pieces togeether)
SSRIS have large impact here

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8
Q

Substania Nigra (black)

A

Key role in dopamine production (works with BG)

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9
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

attach cerebrum to brainstem

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10
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

shows how motor information passes up and down the body. “I want to kick that soccer ball”

Have sensory and motor component.

If you are kicking with your right foot, its done on our left side of the brain. For motor, decasation (crossing over) happens at midbrain. After level of decasation, what happens on the bottom is processed on the opposite side

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11
Q

Hindbrain consists of

A

Ventricle: fourth

Subdivision: metencephalon and myelencephalon

Principle structures: cerebellum, pons, medula oblongata

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12
Q

Metecencephalon (“afterbrain”) consists of

A
  • pon
  • cerebellum
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13
Q

Myelencephalon consists of

A

Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of metencephalon, called “little brain”

Attached to pons by cerebellar peduncles

Posture, balance, fine motor movement (ataxia),
motor learning (works w/BG), proprioception (knowing where your body is in space)

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15
Q

Pons

A

Part of metencephalon, called “bridge”

Translates signals b/t the cerebellum and cerebrum
(e.g., sensory cues, motor information)

Regulates breathing and arousal

Damage (stroke, trauma, late-stage ALS) = locked-in
syndrome (complete paralysis but can blink)

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16
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of the Myelencephalon

Controls basic function of the autonomic nervous system like:
- breathing
- cardiac function
- vasodilation
- reflexes (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing)

Damage or enlargement = respiratory failure, paralysis, loss of sensation.

Salamander: took out everything except medulla oblongata, survived

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17
Q

Reticular formation

A

Security guard of your brain

Complex network of neurons located in the brain stem

Connects thalamus and hypothalamus

Supports feeling alert, and filter incoming information
–> if you hear continuous beeping, you start to filter out so you can engage in your enviornment

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18
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Connected to brain through brain stem

Long bundle of nerve tissue

sends motor commands from the brain to the body, sends sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes

Three sections:
- cervical spinal chord: sends nerves to face and neck
- thoracic spinal chord: sends nerves to arms, chest, abdomen
- lumbar-sacral spinal chord: sends nerves to lower body

At the bottom: cauda equina (bunch of nerves)

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19
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Relay sensory information to the brain from the body and vice versa (also control reflexes)

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20
Q

Spinal cord injury

A

Can be complete (total severance) or incomplete.

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21
Q

Types of neurons in your Somatic Nervous System (NS)

A

Sensory neurons: carry signal from outer parts (periphery) into CNS

Motor neurons: carry signals from teh CNS to the out parts (muscle, skin, glands) of your body

Interneurons: connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Somatic NS made up of

A

Spinal Nerves: They are
mixed nerves that carry
sensory information into and
motor commands out of the
spinal cord.

Cranial Nerves: They are the
nerve fibers that carry
information into and out of the
brain stem.

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23
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: Brain, spinal cord. Contains interneurons (relay neurons)

PNS: composed of cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves. Contains sensory neurons and motor neurons

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24
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Nerves that leave the vetebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they inntervate (or supply)

Afferent axons bring information toward the CNS

Efferent axons sending information outward (think E for exit)

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25
Reflex Arc
Touch hot pan. your sensory neurons bring information to your spinal and reflex arc. Tells motor neuron to drop pan Doesn't go to brain, takes too long
26
Dermatome vs myotome
Dermatome: areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine. - check with light prick Myotome: A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve - check with sharper obect Check to see if there is an issue
27
ASIA Impairment Scale
Spinal Chord can be motor and sensory loss Nothing you can do with A With below, you can try to move one (from C to D)
28
Cranial nerves
12 pairs most serve sensory and motor functions of teh head and neck region Includes vagus nerve
29
Vagus nerve
Regulates the function of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities Longest cranial nerve Helps body exit fight or flight (helps autonomic, even though in somatic)
30
Autonomic NS
Consists of two anatomically separate systems: Sympathetic division (fight, flight, freeze, fawn) Paraympathetic division (rest and digset)
31
Sympathetic NS
Part of autonomic NS fight, flight, freeze, fawn –Controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy –Coordinates responses to a stressor –Aka Thoracolumbar System
32
Parasympathetic division
Part of autonomic NS Rest and digest Involved with increases in body’s supply of stored energy Coordinates rest and relax responses after the body has been stressed Aka Craniosacral System Vagus Nerve responsible for the calming following a stressful situation
33
Para vs sympt. nervous system
34
Nervous system overview
Two basic divisions: – Central nervous system (CNS) (Brain and spinal cord) – Peripheral nervous system (PNS) (Outside the brain and spinal cord) CNS communicates to rest of body via nerves Three types of neurons ▪ Sensory neurons ▪ Motor neurons ▪ Interneurons *These neurons perform functions essential to tasks such as perceiving, learning, remembering, deciding, and controlling complex behaviors.
35
Neruons
Most basic information processing and information transmitting element of the nervous system Four main structurs: - cell body (soma) - Dendrites - axon - terminal buttons
36
Polar neurons
Multipolar neurons: - Most common – One axon to multiple trunks Bipolar neurons – Interneurons – One axon & one dendritic tree – Soma in middle of axon Unipolar neurons – One stalk – Usually sensory
37
Soma
Contains nucleus shape varies
38
Dendrite
Dendrites are a branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron receives information transmitted across synapse. Neurons “converse” with one another, and dendrites are recipients of these messages
39
Axons
Axons are long, thin, cylindrical structures Axon Hillock = gate keeper of whether an action potential is strong enough Carries information from cell body to terminal buttons/axon terminal - Action potential is basic message
40
Myelin Sheath
Myelin sheath surrounds axons and insulates them Produced by Oligodendrocytes Costly to make so not all get it Demyelinating diseases (multiple sclerosis)
41
Terminal buttons/axon terminals
Buds at the end of a brunch of an axon, forms synapses with another neuron Secretes chemicals called neurotransmitters
42
Synapse
Points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next Form between axons and dendrites Consist of: * Presynaptic neuron * Synaptic cleft * Post synaptic neuron
43
Glial cells
"glue" provide nutrients to neurons three main types - microglia - astrocytes - oligodendrocytes
44
Microglia
Smallest glia clean up dead cells protect brain from invading microorganisms/toxins If you have trauma to the brain, your glial cells go crazy, and send inflammatroy stuff --> but they don't always know when to stop, which leads to neurdegnereation (too much inflammatory response) --> especially hard time stopping when its repeated trauma (repeated alcohol use, repeated TBI)
45
Astrocytes
Star shaped neruon "glue" holds them in place sweeps away debris Provides nourishment via transfer of fuel (neurons use lots of fuel but can't store it) Provide electric insulation for unmyelinated nuerons
46
Oliogodendrocytes
Produces myelin in form of a tube by wrapping itself around the axon Does this in segments, and the gaps are called nodes of ranvier
47
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
Basically a filter. Its selectively permeable Blocks all molecules except: - lipid soluble - special sugars - water Some things it can't filter (like new medications)
48
Chemotherapy and the BBB
In primary CNS (brain tumors) you want chemo to cross the BBB Chemo weakens BBB, which increases crossing leads to cancer related cognitive impairment (Chemo Brain)
49
Reflexes and Inhibition
50
Ion movements within a cell
Diffusion: Electrostatic pressure Sodium-potassium pump
51
Diffusion
movement of molecules from region of high concentration to low to have equilibrium
52
Electrostatic Pressure
force exerted by attraction or repulsion to move ions from place to place – Substances that break into two parts with opposing electrical charges=electrolytes parts are ions cations are positive Anions are negative
53
Sodium-potassium pump
protein molecules embedded in the membrane Works to keep the ion concentrations stable even as ions cross the membrane at rest Continuously pushes Na+ (sodium ions) out of the axon = maintains RESTING POTENTIAL
54
Resting/Membrane Potential
A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential. The resting potential is determined by concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and by membrane permeability to each type of ion. - Outside: high Na, Ca, and Cl - inside: high K IF -70 more negative inside, you have resting membrane potential
55
Action potential
Rapid burst of depolarization followed by hyper-polarization -- occurs because of diffusion and electrostatic pressure Depolarization: less negative on inside (reduction of membrane potential) Decrease in electrial charge is a decrease in membrane potential Hypoerpolarization: increase in membrane potential
56
Conduction of action potential
All or none law: can't partially fire Rate law: strength of stimuli affects the rate of firing, but not the amplitude of each action potential (thats the same)(
57
Salatory conduction
In myelinated fibers, depolar. and repolar. occur from one node of ranvier to the next instead of the entire area of the membrane economic and speedy
58
Synaptic transmission
Primary means by which neuron communicates across a synapse Synaptic vesicles are mde of membrane and filled with neurotransmitters Snyaptic cleft: space between pre and post synaptic membrane See image for process
59
Creation of axtion potential in next cell
neurotransmitters exert effects by attatching to binding sites/receptors Binding opens neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels (lock and key) Channels open which creates a post-synaptic potential
60
types of post-synaptic potential
Determined by characteristics of postsynaptic receptors/type of ion channel they open Excitatory: sodium channel opened, depolarizing Inhibitory: potassium channel opens, hyperpolarizing
61
Termination of postsynaptic potentials
Termination by 2 mechanisms: Reuptake: an extremely rapid removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button Enzymatic deactivation/degradation: accomplished by enzyme that destroys molecules of the neurotransmitter

Psychophysiology (13 decks)

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