Week 1

Question 1

how does studying developmental psychology help?

Answer 1

helps parents raise their children, influences social policies, law, health care, helps understand human nature

Question 2

Which philosopher says that children have innate knowledge

Answer 2

Plato

Question 3

which philosopher says that all knowledge comes from experience

Answer 3

Aristotle

Question 4

which philosopher talks about the “tabula rosa” and that parents should mold children with setting good examples

Answer 4

john locke

Question 5

which philosopher talks about the interactions of the world with children and that there should be no formal education until 12

Answer 5

rosseau

Question 6

is plato nature or nurture

Answer 6

nature

Question 7

is aristotle nature or nurture

Answer 7

nurture

Question 8

is locke nnature or nurture

Answer 8

nurture

Question 9

is rousseau nature or nurture

Answer 9

nature

Question 10

what is one of the early research of developmental psychology

Answer 10

industrial revolution, working conditions for children

Question 11

what was one of the first methods to study children

Answer 11

“Baby biography” by Charles Darwin

Question 12

nature and nurture working together?

Answer 12

epigenetics

Question 13

explain the roman adoption study

Answer 13

in the 1980s-90s, had minimal contact with their caregivers and laid on their backs. physically underdeveloped. shows impact of early years of development. weight stayed the same in comparison to other countries

Question 14

explain unresponsive care

Answer 14

severe neglect in family, orphanages, under stimulation

Question 15

how does attention from a parent influence a child’s learning

Answer 15

parents talking to children, children recognizing a parents face, and infants smiling at parents

Question 16

piaget water conservation task

Answer 16

when 4-5 yo think that water in a taller glass is more than a wider glass, 6-8 yo understand that they are the same. - CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THINKING

Question 17

explain some biological mechanisms

Answer 17

brain maturation, hormones, epigenetics

Question 18

behavioural mechanisms:?

Answer 18

learning from environment, rewards and punishments (classical conditioning),

Question 19

social mechanisms

Answer 19

imitating and learning from others

Question 20

cognitive mechanisms

Answer 20

gaining knowledge, executive functioning

Question 21

co sleeping in individualist vs collectivist cultures?

Answer 21

western cultures, individualist and less common, asian, African cultures it is more common - shows development through cultural context

Question 22

what are the 4 factors of individual differences (GTPReE)

Answer 22

genetic, treatment by parents, reactions of experiences, environment

Question 23

Research in developmental psychology (IPE)

Answer 23

intervention programs (turtle), policy programs (eye witness), Educational interventions

Question 24

interrater reliability

Answer 24

all raters agree - consistency

Question 25

test-retest reliability

Answer 25

same results one week later

Question 26

explain the WEIRD acronym

Answer 26

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic - can lead to a lack of diversity in reserach

Question 27

pros of interviews/questionnares?

Answer 27

lots of info quickly, Can observe everyday events that can’t easily be reported on, objective

Question 28

cons of interviews/questionares

Answer 28

biases, snapshot in time

Question 29

cross-sectional study

Answer 29

one age group vs. another - Can’t tell relationships over time

Question 30

longitudinal

Answer 30

stability and change within people across time

Question 31

micro-genetic

Answer 31

measures over short period of time

Question 32

The single cell that forms when two gametes merge during conception is called the a. zygote. b. ova. c. sperm. d. embryo.

Answer 32

zygote

Question 33

Harry and Ron are genetically identical twins and are referred to as ___. Althea (a genetic female) and Stephen (a genetic male) are also twins but are clearly ___ twins.

Answer 33

dizygotic, monozygotic

Question 34

The disproportionately large head of a 5-month-old fetus is a typical result of the normal process of a. cephalocaudal development. b. proximal–distal development. c. lateral development. d. bottom-up developmen

Answer 34

a

Question 35

Which of the following senses is the least active while the fetus is in the womb? a. Hearing b. Smell c. Taste d. Sight

Answer 35

d

Question 36

Logan’s dad is thrilled as Logan laughs each time he shows him a new toy: a monkey that squeaks when he pushes on its belly. After repeated exposure to the squeaking monkey, Logan becomes bored and no longer laughs. This process is known as a. habituation. b. dishabituation. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning

Answer 36

a

Question 37

The DeCasper and Spence study, in which pregnant women read aloud twice a day from the same book during their last 6 weeks of pregnancy, was designed to assess a. fetal attention. b. fetal learning. c. infant attention. d. infant learning.

Answer 37

b

Question 38

Which of the following does not influence the severity of the effect of a teratogen on a developing fetus? a. Timing of exposure b. Quantity of exposure c. Duration of exposure d. Number of previous pregnancies of the mother

Answer 38

d

Question 39

Which is not a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome? a. Facial deformities b. Intellectual disability c. Underactivity d. Attention problems

Answer 39

c

Question 40

Studies suggest that the squeezing that a fetus experiences during delivery serves several important functions. Which of the following is not one of them? a. It temporarily reduces the size of the infant’s head, allowing it to pass safely through the pelvic bones. b. It squeezes fluid from the ear canals, allowing the baby to hear. c. It stimulates the production of hormones that help the fetus withstand mild oxygen deprivation. d. It forces amniotic fluid out of the lungs, in preparation for the baby’s first breaths.

Answer 40

b

Question 41

Which of the following is a characteristic of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep? a. Irregular heart rate b. Irregular breathing c. Quick, jerky eye movements d. Slow brain waves

Answer 41

d

Question 42

Which of the following describes an infant who is most likely suffering from colic? a. Vivian cries for several hours a day for unexplained reasons. b. Jeremy cries loudly when he is hungry. c. LaTosha cries when she is placed in her crib. d. Emelie rarely cries

Answer 42

a

Question 43

What intervention program, involving direct skin-to-skin contact, are parents of low-birth-weight infants encouraged to use to support the result might be? a. Swaddling care b. Massage care c. Kangaroo care d. Pouch care

Answer 43

c

Question 44

What does the multiple-risk model suggest about negative developmental outcomes? a. Each risk factor will produce a unique negative outcome. b. The presence of one risk factor increases the likelihood that another risk factor will emerge in the future. c. The more risk factors that are present, the more likely and worse the potential outcomes will be. d. The presence of more risk factors increases the likelihood that a child will develop resilience

Answer 44

c

Question 45

genetic material an individual inherits

Answer 45

genotype

Question 46

Marcus has red hair, green eyes, and freckles. He is very active but shy. These characteristics are a reflection of Marcus’s a. dominant genes. b. recessive genes. c. genotype. d. phenotype

Answer 46

phenotypes

Question 47

An individual’s genetic sex is determined by a. whether the mother has a Y chromosome. b. the random interaction of the sex chromosomes of the mother and father. c. the sex chromosomes contributed by the mother. d. the sex chromosomes contributed by the father

Answer 47

d

Question 48

The continual switching on or off of specific genes at specific times throughout development is the result of a chain of genetic events primarily controlled by a. alleles. b. regulator genes. c. glial cells. d. synaptogenesis.

Answer 48

b

Question 49

Traits such as aggression and shyness are the result of the contributions of a complex combination of genes. These traits are examples of which process? a. Polygenetic inheritance b. Experience-expectant plasticity c. Mendelian inheritance d. Experience-dependent plasticity

Answer 49

a

Question 50

A twin-study design project reveals that the correlation between identical (MZ) twins on a given trait is substantially higher than that between fraternal (DZ) twins. Which of the following statements offers the most plausible explanation for the difference in how this trait is correlated in MZ twins compared with DZ twins? a. Environmental factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation. b. Genetic factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation. c. Environmental and genetic factors are equally responsible for the difference in correlation. d. No assumption can be made as to the contributions of environmental or genetic factors for the difference.

Answer 50

b

Question 51

Which of the following responses would be consistent with the statement “High heritability does not imply immutability”? a. The concept of inheritance plays a very small role in dictating an individual’s phenotype. b. Highly heritable traits affect all individuals in the same way. c. Intervention efforts can successfully influence the course of development related to an inherited trait. d. There is little point in trying to improve the course of development related to an inherited trait.

Answer 51

c

Question 52

The points at which neurons communicate with one another are called a. synapses. b. glial cells. c. dendrites. d. myelin sheaths

Answer 52

a